Unit 4 Maritime Empires Study Guide

Unit 4: Maritime Empires Study Guide Topic 4.1: Technological Innovations from 1450-1750 Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain how crosscultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750. Knowledge, scientific learning and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation. The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. Innovations in ship design: ● Caravel ● Carrack ● Fluyt European technological developments influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Classical, islamic, and Asian worlds: ● Lateen sail ● Compass ● Astronomical Charts 1. Describe technological diffusions that occurred in the 1450-1750 time period. Name the technology, its origins, and where it diffused. Technological diffusion that occurred in that time period helped improve maritime activity. The Lateen sail originated from the Arab world but it diffused all over Europe and it played an important role in the European’s expansion in the Americas. ● Also the compass and the astrolabe 2. Describe new technologies of the 1450-1750 time period and specific examples of how they facilitated patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750. New ship designs such as the Caravel and Carrack were built to stand heavier loads and the harsh conditions of the sea, new navigation technologies like the compass and Astronomical charts helped sailors guide themselves. Understanding of monsoon winds facilitated trade in the old and new world. 3. What is a lateen sail and why was it significant in the 1450-1750 time period? The lateen sail was a triangle sail that was used by Arab sailors and in the Indian Ocean. This was significant in the 1450-1750 time period because it facilitated travel in different directions. It also allowed sailors to travel into open oceans and control their direction, which contributed to trade. 4. What is a caravel and why was it significant in the 1450 to 1750 time period? The caravel was a three-masted sailing ship which was created by the Portuguese during the 15 century. It was significant because during this time many started trading in sea routes. This new innovation allowed sailors to survive storms at sea which can allow an increase in trade and travel. Topic 4.2: Exploration - Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750 Learning Objective Historical Developments 5. Which specific states supported maritime exploration in this time period? Give specific examples of states and what they did to support exploration. Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750. New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period. Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading post empire. Spanish sponsorship of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade. Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative routes to Asia. States in Europe like Spain, the Netherlands, Great Britain and France explored the world in this time period. They funded trips to the Americas and the East Indies. Trading ports were began in Africa and the Phillipines to boost the economy 6. What were the economic factors that drove maritime exploration by Europeans? Economic factors that drove maritime exploration by the Europeans were the desire for wealth, resources and power over their nearby rivals. 7. What were some of the economic outcomes of European maritime exploration (positive and negative)? One economic outcome was a new labor force. Slavery was a cheap labor source and led to extreme wealth in the colonies. Another positive outcome was the discovery of large amounts of gold and silver that were found in South America. A disadvantage was greed as Foreign powers decided to keep the gold for themselves and limit the amount of goods that could be imported into the colonies, only letting them have the necessities. Also the wealth was not shared. 8. Describe the difference between the trading post empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the colonies they established in the New World. The difference between the trading post empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the colonies they established in the New World was that trade was not restricted to those who wanted to buy permits. Colonial empires established new governments and settlements. Trading Posts took control of the economy of a region. Topic 4.3: Columbian Exchange Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange. European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease carriers, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous 9. Describe the Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, caused by the new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. 10. What factors caused the Columbian Exchange? One of the factors that resulted in the Columbian Exchange was the new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The exchange of diseases was unintentional, as European Colonization of the Americas led to disease carriers, such as mosquitoes and rats, and diseases such as smallpox, populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas. American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves Domesticated animals: ● Horses ● Pigs ● Cattle Foods brought by African slaves: ● Okra ● Rice measles and malaria, being led into the other hemisphere. Leads to the Great Dying. 11. Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Western Hemisphere (New World). Include both positive and negative outcomes. The impact of the Columbian exchange on the Western Hemisphere is through all the diseases that it brought, for example, the transfer of smallpox, measles, and malaria that made many populations have a negative decrease. The positive is that it introduced many crops like wheat, grapes, and more to the American diet. 12. Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Eastern Hemisphere (Old World). Include both positive and negative outcomes. The Columbian Exchange allowed many crops from the New World to become staples, which benefited the populations in the Old World nutritionally from the increased diversity of these New World crops. It also encouraged the enslavement of African people to mass-produce cash crops. Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. Topic 4.4: Maritime Empires Established Learning Objective Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750. Historical Developments sup Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies. Asian states that adopted restrictive or isolationist trade policies: ● Ming China ● Tokugawa Japan Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence. 13. Describe European trading posts in Africa European trading posts in Africa were used for economic control, things like influence and control over trade; however Europe never succeeded in building a monopoly over the Indian Ocean commerce. These trading posts consisted of settlements and forts built along the African coast. 14. Describe the isolationist policies of China and Japan. Why did they enact these policies? What were the long-term outcomes? Isolationist policies sought to rid China of the Europeans threatening influence on their economy. The most effective way to do this was to limit the trading of Europeans in Asian ports, banning privatization of such practices, and shifting all control to the government. A notable policy seeking to accomplish just this, was the Canton System of 1757, which governed Asian interaction with British Traders. All trade with Europeans was shifted and centralized to the port of Guangzhou, (廣 州港) where the Chinese government limited the season where traders were permitted in the city, and State Agents rigorously oversaw all maritime activity. Liberalism, similar to Capitalism was a system that the Chinese incorporated at this time, promoted free markets. This ideology alleviates some of the more rigid aspects of Chinese trading policy. Japan was even harsher, Sakuku of the 1630s banned all trade instead of just restricting it. They had a very strict social structure, and they didn’t want anyone bursting their bubble. 15. Describe the European maritime empires: a. Portuguese: In Southeast and East Asia they would set up factories in Malacca, they also won control of the African and Indian coast and technological knowledge and science was key as they had some of the largest ships at the time. Trading posts were also a help in establishing their empire; they established a monopoly over the spice trade, and forts that stretched from the Persian Gulf to India to Indonesia were constructed. b. Spanish: Would annex places they tried to conquer such as the Phillipines and would also try to convert them to Christianity. c. Dutch: d. French: e. British: 16. How did the Asante benefit from participation in trading networks in this time period? Asante benefited from participation in trading networks in this time period because of the limit to disruptive economic and cultural. For example the slave trade played a big part in making the econmy wealthy. This led to isolationist trade policies, agricultural productivity. Learning Objective Explain the continuitie s and changes in Historical Developments Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants. Indian Ocean Asian merchants: ● Swahili Arabs 17. What continuities in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to 1750 time period? Networks that already existed in the Indian ocean continued to flourish and that included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants within the Indian ocean such as Swahil,i Arabs ,Omanis,Gujaratis and Javanese. Also they kept the labor systems that were already set in stone. economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750. ● ● ● Omanis Gujaratis Javanese Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems. 18. What changes in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to 1750 time period? The invasion of the Europeans shifted the people in power over the Indian trade routes, which allowed them to thrive as a result of this. They would also bring in slaves from africa to be the workers in the Americas since they didnt want to give up thier own people and because they were lacking the total amount of solders and workersin which they needed to mass produce items. 19. Describe colonial economies in this time period. Colonial economies during this time period were dependent on agriculture. Most economies had established stable and efficient labor systems in order to produce the crops and keep their supply at a high level. One example of this was the Incan Empire and their use of the mit’a system, this system allowed for chattel slavery, indentured servitude and more. They used this system to expand their agriculture which was the main source of money for their economy. 20. What was the mit’a system, and how was it exploited by the Spanish empire? The mit’a system was a public service that had people work on things for the community, with them switching out people and taking turns. When the Spanish came, they turned it into forced labor and gave no choice to the people. They made the people work nonstop and often many would die, in which the Spanish easily replaced. 21. What factors drove the demand for chattel slavery? The chattel slavery had orginally becam edue to the refult of mercantilism and the americas had mostly depended on agriculture and existing labor systems along with newly introduced labor systems later on. One thing was the big demand for the production of goods such as cotton, rice, sugar, ect. 22. Describe indentured servitude. Who were typically indentured servants in this time period, and how would that change in the period between 17501900? The system in which landowners might pay transportation prices for migrants in Africa and Asia to return back to the Americas or every so often different components of the Maritime empire. In exchange, those migrants labored basically at no cost for typically around seven years. 23. What were encomiendas and haciendas? What was their importance to colonial labor systems? ● ● Learning Objective Explain changes and continuitie s in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750. Historical Developments Slavery in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions. The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes. Encomienda was a system in which the Spanish gave conquistadors and other Spanish settlers land grants in the Americas and Philippines, and the Spanish allowed holders of land grants to exploit the labor of the natives living on the land. Haciendas were similar to encomiendas, except they weren’t land grants, but rather private property, but still exploited the natives, and haciendas were often plantations with slaves and workers, but the workers who weren’t slaves were paid near-poverty wages, so they remained in debt and couldn’t leave. 24. What were the impacts of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West Africa? The impacts of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West Africa was devasting to be said. The trans-Atlantic trade promotes lawlessness and violence. It caused depopulation and an increase of fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development. 25. What were the impacts of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the Americas? The impacts of the trans Atlantic slave trade on the Americas was huge because it had a significant impact on the Americas culturally and economically. From a cultural aspect, Africans were brought into the Americas and their population and their culture grew too. They developed their own type of music and traditions. From an economic aspect slavery was making the Americas a lot of money. SLaves were used as a labor system to grow crops that were at all time demand (crops like cotton, sugar, tobacco, etc). The trade of these crops also made the Americas more money and introduced them to new vegetables and resources. 26. How was the use of slavery in this time period different from slavery in previous periods of history? Slavery was different from before as there ws no way to leave it. Previously, depending where you lived, you could’ve gained freedom in countless ways, such as converting to a specific religion. However, now slaves were bound for life and so were the future generations that stem from them. They could no longer be free and they are to serve for the rest of their lives. Topic 4.5: Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed Learning Objective Historical Developments 27. Describe mercantilism Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist 28. How did joint-stock companies allow European states to consolidate and maintain power in their colonies? throughout the period from 1450 to 1750. principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade. 29. Describe the Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire. Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. Competition over trade routes: ● Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean ● Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750. The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including slaves. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants. Peasants and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased. 30. Explain the first global economy embodied by the trade in silver. 31. Explain the role that chartered European monopoly companies (such as the British East India Company) in facilitating the global circulation of goods. 32. What continuities in networks of exchange existed in relation to the 1200 to 1450 time period? 33. What changes in networks of exchange existed in relation to the 1200 to 1450 time period? Increased peasant and artisan labor: ● Western Europe - wool and linen ● India - cotton ● China - silk Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750. Some notable gender and family restructuring occured, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades. 34. Describe the casta system that was a result of the Atlantic trading system. The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor -including slaves -and the mxing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing this cultural synthesis. Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the similarities In some cases, the increase and intensification of 35. Describe cultural syncretism that occurred as a result of the Atlantic trading system and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750. interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices. Topic 4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 to 1750 Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time. Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy. Differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy: ● Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empires ● Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China ● Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the casta system. The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. Existing elites: ● Ottoman timars ● Russian boyars ● European nobility Topic 4.8 Continuity and Change from 1450 to 1750 36. Give examples of how state expansion and centralization led to resistance from groups on a local level. 37. Give an example of a society that gave differential treatment to a group or groups within their empire. Learning Objective Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time. Unit 4 Key Concepts ● The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world. ○ Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation ○ The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns-all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible ● Although the world’s productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes. ○ The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products.. Tradition al peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified. ● Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated. ○ Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflicts between states.