Chapter 17 The Industrial Revolution

Chapter 17—The Industrial Revolution The railroad strike of 1877 is evidence of a. the fact that government often intervened on behalf of big business in the decades after the Civil War. b. increasing worker discontent with low pay and hazardous conditions. c. the growth of an organized labor movement in America. d. All of these choices. e. None of these choices. ANS: D REF: p. 322 As the Industrial Revolution progressed in America, all of the following occurred except a. Cities grew rapidly. b. People moved from farms to cities. c. Immigration became less important to America. d. Large-scale corporate firms dominated the American economy. e. Family businesses became less important to America's economy. ANS: C REF: p. 309-310 "Robber barons" or "captains of industry" were businessmen who a. claimed ties to European aristocracies. b. had made their riches during the Civil War. c. fought bitterly against the expansion of suffrage. d. built mafia-like organizations in the nation's burgeoning cities. e. amassed large fortunes between 1865 and 1900 with ruthlessness and ingenuity. ANS: E REF: p. 309 How did business owners respond to the growth of unions and the labor movement? a. They cut wages and hours. b. They appealed to Congressmen to outlaw unions. c. They required workers to sign yellow dog contracts or created blacklists. d. They planted spies among union members. e. They promoted suspected organizers to the management level, thereby negating their union membership ANS: C REF: p. 323 Carnegie's business model of controlling all aspects of the steel industry, from iron ore extraction to steel delivery, is known as a. a monopoly. b. absolute control. c. vertical integration. d. horizontal integration. e. profit consolidation. ANS: C REF: p. 312 The Haymarket strike led to a. the founding of the Knights of Labor. b. growing anti-union sentiment nationwide. c. increased union membership across the country. d. new government policies about arresting strikers. e. a huge victory for the American Federation of Labor. ANS: B REF: p. 324 The person who cornered the market on oil refining in the late 1800s was a. John D. Rockefeller. b. Andrew Carnegie. c. Leland Stanford. d. Cornelius Vanderbilt. e. William Randolph Hearst. ANS: A REF: p. 312 Industrialists justified their growing financial and political strength in all of the following ways except a. They claimed their actions benefited all mankind, not just themselves. b. They pointed to the "survival of the fittest" rationale of Social Darwinism. c. They said they were exemplars of the Horatio Alger myth. d. They insisted that they earned what they had from hard work and declined unfair advantages. e. They stressed their belief in Protestant individualism. ANS: D REF: p. 318 Much of Rockefeller's success can be attributed to his pioneering efforts at a. capital accumulation. b. assembly line production. c. process integration. d. horizontal integration. e. vertical integration. ANS: D REF: p. 313 The need to market goods over wider areas gave rise to new forms of a. labor organization. b. production. c. warehousing. d. accounting. e. advertising. ANS: E REF: p. 315 Among the American Federation of Labor's successes were all of the following except a. setting a new standard workday from ten to eight hours. b. serving as an umbrella for the many craft unions. c. arbitrating disputes to ensure worker solidarity rather than competition between different groups of workers. d. becoming the leading labor organizations in the 1880s by appealing to middle class Americans as well as the working class. e. The AFL achieved all of these successes. ANS: E REF: p. 325 Vertical integration meant a. buying up all competitors. b. breaking up older but less competitive monopolies. c. owning all aspects of production and distribution under one corporate organization, from accessing and owning the raw materials, to the production of the good(s), to the delivery of the finished product(s) to the consumer. d. creating a business model that would allow for mass production. e. buying just enough shares in a publicly traded company so as to control it. ANS: C REF: p. 312