Chapter 10 The Market Revolution

Chapter 10—The Market Revolution Which of the following happened during the Market Revolution? a. Goods could first be taken to market quickly across the entire United States. b. Each town began to open fresh air markets for selling and bartering crops. c. A growing number of farmers began to focus on single crops that they could sell for profit, rather than only growing what they needed to be self-sufficient. d. The United States stopped all overseas commercial transactions between the America and Europe. e. The United States tried to separate itself from the world economy and buy and sell only at home. ANS: C REF: p. 175 By 1850, the percentage of the American labor force employed in agriculture had declined to a. 15 percent. b. 35 percent. c. 55 percent. d. 75 percent. e. 85 percent. ANS: C REF: p. 175 Who of the following did not support the economic plan called the American System? a. Young Democratic-Republicans from the West b. Southern cotton plantation owners c. Henry Clay of Kentucky d. Younger politicians from the Middle Atlantic states e. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina ANS: B REF: p. 177 All of these were key components of the American System except a. a national bank. b. protective tariffs. c. internal improvements. d. increased role of the federal government in stimulating economic growth. e. a self-sustaining agricultural system. ANS: E REF: p. 175 In Gibbons v. Ogden the Supreme Court a. established the precedent of judicial review. b. forbade state legislatures to alter a college charter in order to gain control over them. c. confirmed the federal government's power to regulate commerce overruled that of the states. d. declared the international slave trade unconstitutional. e. handed the victory in the 1824 election to John Quincy Adams. ANS: C REF: p. 177 The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 a. declared that the United States would turn its trade efforts toward Asia if the European nations continued to battle with each other. b. c. d. e. declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to further European colonization. declared America's intention to annex as much of Central America as possible. ordered all European colonizers of Latin America to release their colonies. announced America's intention to isolate itself from the countries of Europe. ANS: B REF: p. 177 All of the following are true about the Cumberland Road, except a. It was the best known turnpike in the early 19th century. b. It extended from Maryland to West Virginia. c. Large stretches of the Cumberland were operated as toll roads. d. The road was widely considered sufficient for the region's commercial infrastructure needs. e. Like most roads of the time, it was mostly unpaved. ANS: D REF: p. 178 The Erie Canal a. was more than 500 miles long. b. was constructed over a period of about three years. c. connected the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo. d. cut down on travel time by a matter of weeks. e. was completed in 1817. ANS: C REF: p. 178 The Erie Canal was an important aspect of the transportation revolution in all of the following ways except a. aiding in the growth of New York City as a major economic hub. b. moving goods faster, more cheaply, and more efficiently. c. encouraging other states to invest in transportation networks. d. linking the eastern states with those in the South. e. encouraging the nation's farmers to specialize. ANS: E REF: p. 178 By the 1850s, the cornerstone of America's transportation system was a. railroads. b. turnpikes. c. steamboats. d. canals. e. automobiles. ANS: A REF: p. 179 All of the following are true about 19th century railroads, except a. Rail transportation had a number of significant advantages over canal travel. b. Trains traveled significantly faster than mules. c. Railroads had become the cornerstone of the American transportation revolution of the 1840s and 1850s. d. Railroads crisscrossed the South far more densely than in the North. e. By the 1860s, more than 30,000 miles of track ran through the country. ANS: D REF: p. 179 The key development in the communications revolution was the a. telegraph. b. railroad. c. Pony Express. d. stagecoach. e. telephone. ANS: A REF: p. 180 It could most accurately be said of Irish immigration after 1840 that a. male Irish immigrants were welcomed by Protestant Americans of English, German, and Dutch ethnic backgrounds. b. many Americans viewed Irish Catholics with fear and distrust because of their Catholic religion. c. Irish fleeing the disaster of famine in their homeland brought with them much needed factory skills. d. less than half of the immigrant arrivals after 1840 were Irish fleeing the famine in Ireland. e. most Irish immigrants settled in the industrialized cities of the Midwest, where their opportunities for work were greater. ANS: B REF: p. 185 How did Eli Whitney's invention, the cotton gin, transform southern agriculture? a. It made it possible to cultivate cotton in poor soil. b. It made it possible for farmers to earn huge profits with just a little land and a few slaves. c. It maintained slavery and facilitated its movement onto western territories. d. All of these choices. e. None of these choices. ANS: E REF: p. 184 The "putting-out" system of production referred to a. the system whereby manufacturers would pay a family to perform one task in producing an item. b. the production method used by Samuel Slater's textile mills. c. the method by which cotton was transformed from its raw state into a usable textile. d. the process by which factory output was measured. e. a series of small family-run factories that were interconnected. ANS: A REF: p. 184 The middle class a. had been a staple of American society since the American Revolution. b. emerged with the factory system, and the creation of managers and supervisors. c. included factory owners and yeoman farmers. d. was a social status that only the educated could attain. e. None of these choices. ANS: B REF: p. 187 Which of these statements is not an accurate reflection of the Second Great Awakening? a. The middle class became more actively involved than any other group in society. b. It stressed that hard work and good deeds were the key to salvation in heaven. c. New evangelical sects emerged. d. Preachers revived religious ideas advocated by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield during the First Great Awakening. e. It began in the West and spread both to the Northeast and to the South. ANS: D REF: p. 188 The Transcendental movement was based on the premise that a. there were certain truths that humans must grasp if they were to succeed in life. b. only by learning the "ultimate truths" could humans achieve perfectibility. c. a utopian community would provide a better form of government than the one that existed in America at the time. d. social respectability was one of life's greatest rewards. e. since ultimate truths are unknowable, people must look inward for the answers about how to improve the human condition. ANS: E REF: p. 189 All of the following are true about 19th century utopianism except a. It sought to perfect society and its adherents were unhappy with the transformations brought by the market revolution. b. People who embraced utopian ideas formed hundreds of communal societies. c. The Oneida community stressed open sexual mores. d. All of these choices. e. None of these choices. ANS: C REF: p. 189 What inspired women like Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to start a women's rights movement? a. Mott faced discrimination when she attempted to enter the workforce. b. They had been involved with abolitionism and noticed parallels between women's lack of rights and those of African Americans. c. They were angered that the Grimke sisters were chastised for their abolitionism and told that women's place is in the home. d. They were both married and saw that marriage laws made women virtual children. e. All of these choices. ANS: B REF: p. 192