Chapter 09 Adolescence Multiple-Choice Questions 2

60. Since adolescents' prefrontal cortex is not fully developed, many of them tend NOT to: A) exercise caution in most situations. B) seek new experiences. C) make poor decisions. D) feel excitement. 61. Most adolescents think about themselves: A) rarely. B) occasionally. C) periodically. D) frequently. 62. Since adolescents regard themselves as uniquely special: A) it is difficult for them to envision another person's perspective. B) it is easy for them to envision another person's perspective. C) they embrace many points of view. D) they believe everyone feels what they feel. 63. In general, adolescent egocentrism refers to the: A) belief that one is destined to have a legendary life. B) notion that one cannot be harmed by unprotected sex. C) viewpoint that everyone else is smarter than oneself. D) view that one is noticed by everyone. 64. A 15-year-old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of: A) the personal fable. B) adolescent egocentrism. C) clothes consciousness. D) school phobia. 65. _____ is the theorist who coined the terms “personal fable” and “invincibility fable.” A) Erikson B) Skinner C) Elkind D) Kohlberg Page 11 66. Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their: A) personal fable. B) post-operational thought. C) moral reasoning. D) invincibility fable. 67. Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating: A) the personal fable. B) deductive reasoning. C) self-awareness. D) the invincibility fable. 68. The belief that one cannot be harmed by things that would hurt someone else is referred to as: A) the invincibility fable. B) the personal fable. C) the imaginary audience. D) deductive reasoning. 69. The power of the invincibility fable may be observed in: A) a 17-year-old boy who drives cautiously. B) an 18-year-old girl who insists that her boyfriend use a condom. C) young military recruits who hope to be sent into combat. D) an adolescent who sings thinking that the neighbors must be listening. 70. The term imaginary audience refers to adolescents': A) ability to understand how others perceive them. B) belief that everyone is watching their behavior and appearance. C) constant posing and posturing before mirrors. D) belief that others are spying on them. 71. Marsha says, “There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me.” Marsha is demonstrating: A) a volatile mismatch. B) an implicit judgment. C) her belief in an imaginary audience. D) the invincibility fable. Page 12 72. When adolescents fantasize about how others will react to their new hairstyle, they are creating a(n): A) personal fable. B) abstract audience. C) personal identity. D) imaginary audience. 73. Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence: A) formal operational thought. B) invincibility thinking. C) metacognition. D) concrete operational thinking. 74. When Piaget and Inhelder asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that: A) preschool children tended to use logical deduction. B) 7-year-old children used spatial relationships. C) by age 10, children used trial-and-error strategies. D) adolescents failed to see the complexities of the problem. 75. Jeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably: A) solve the problem through a trial-and-error strategy. B) put weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scale. C) understand the inverse relationship between distance and weight. D) put all the weights on one side of the scale. 76. In Inhelder and Piaget's balance experiment, trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of: A) unrealistic thought. B) concrete operational thought. C) logical thought. D) formal operational thought. 77. In Inhelder and Piaget's balance experiment, a child who systematically tests the idea that the relationship between weight and distance is reciprocal is probably age: A) 4. B) 7. C) 10. D) 14. Page 13 78. Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines: A) inductive reasoning. B) perceptual thought. C) hypothetical thought. D) deductive reasoning. 79. One of the most prominent aspects of adolescent thought is the ability to: A) reject adult thoughts and values. B) think in terms of possibilities. C) take another person's point of view. D) use practical problem-solving skills. 80. Compared with younger children, when thinking about historical or other serious problems adolescents tend to: A) be less consistent in their reasoning. B) bring in more unrelated arguments. C) consider more possibilities. D) make judgments based only on the facts. 81. Which statement is true? A) Hypothetical thought is tied to the everyday world as the individual knows it. B) Hypothetical thought is emotionally based. C) Hypothetical thought involves imagined possibilities. D) Hypothetical thought is an aspect of concrete operational thinking. 82. Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, “Why can't I have wine with dinner? You do.” or “I don't understand why I'll be able to vote when I'm 18, but I have to wait until I'm 21 to buy alcohol!” This demonstrates Justine's: A) inductive reasoning. B) perceptual thinking. C) hypothetical thinking. D) deductive reasoning. Page 14 83. What-if propositions require: A) concrete thought. B) operational thought. C) postformal thought. D) hypothetical thought. 84. Which term refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions? A) hypothetical reasoning B) inductive reasoning C) deductive reasoning D) adolescent egocentrism 85. Deductive reasoning is also referred to as _____ reasoning. A) top-down B) theoretical C) concrete D) bottom-up 86. Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as ______ reasoning. A) top-down B) theoretical C) concrete D) inductive 87. All Christians believe in the Bible, and Josiah is a Christian; therefore Josiah believes in the Bible. This is an example of: A) deductive reasoning. B) theoretical reasoning. C) concrete reasoning. D) formal reasoning. 88. Using _____ thinking, a person might think, “If it barks like a dog and wags its tail like a dog, it must be a dog.” A) deductive B) preoperational C) reductive D) inductive Page 15 89. Three different girls tell Brian that Titanic is their all-time favorite movie. He concludes that all girls love that movie. Brian has just used: A) hypothetical reasoning. B) inductive reasoning. C) deductive reasoning. D) adolescent egocentrism. 90. Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of: A) adolescent egocentrism. B) intuitive thinking. C) inductive reasoning. D) deductive reasoning. 91. Research has shown that adolescents tend to apply formal logic: A) in all situations. B) in very few situations. C) only when encouraged to do so. D) in some situations but not in others. 92. Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a gut feeling is referred to as: A) deductive reasoning. B) intuitive thought. C) concrete reasoning. D) analytic thought. 93. A thought that arises through a “feeling” that the thought is right is referred to as a(n) _____ thought. A) intuitive B) factual C) experimental D) logical Page 16 94. Fifteen-year-old Richard wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver's license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, “I know other kids who do it, and it's just stupid that I have to wait another 3 months until I turn 16.” This is an example of what kind of thinking? A) reasoning B) intuitive C) logical D) analytical 95. Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, “I've never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?” This is an example of what kind of thinking? A) concrete B) intuitive C) emotional D) analytical 96. Klaczynski's research found that logical thinking improved with age and education, but not with: A) life experiences. B) practice of formal thinking. C) measurements on intelligence tests (IQ). D) parent involvement. 97. Klaczynski's studies of younger and older adolescents' analytical thinking indicated that: A) younger adolescents were rarely logical, whereas older adolescents were nearly always logical. B) individuals who were analytical on some problems were analytical on all problems. C) most adolescents do not think as analytically as their capabilities allow. D) younger adolescents tended to dismiss research that was contrary to their own beliefs. 98. Which factor is a good predictor of health for people around the world? A) obtaining a master's degree or a PhD B) completing secondary education C) attending private instead of public schools D) attending schools that follow Western academia Page 17 99. Which statement is FALSE? A) Secondary education refers to schooling completed after high school graduation, such as college or vocational training. B) No matter where they live, individuals who complete secondary education are healthier. C) A nation's economic growth advances when its population completes secondary education. D) As the age of puberty has decreased, secondary education now starts with grade five. 100. Middle school typically includes grades: A) four to six. B) five to seven. C) six to eight. D) seven to nine. 101. Research has shown that adolescents who drop out of high school are strongly influenced by their: A) career goals. B) level of intelligence. C) middle school experiences. D) hormonal shifts. 102. Rachel and Matt are in their first year of middle school. Statistically, one would expect their academic achievement to: A) improve. B) decline. C) remain the same as in elementary school. D) exhibit an erratic pattern of rising and falling. 103. According to research conducted in 2011, which student is MOST likely to be admired during middle school? A) Allie, who is a straight A student B) Lloyd, who attends school regularly but fails most of his classes C) Louisa, who uses marijuana and frequently finds herself in physical fights D) Chong, who is conscientious and friendly Page 18 104. The common middle-school schedule that involves classroom changes every 40 minutes: A) creates a developmental mismatch. B) supports children's development. C) improves student grades. D) increases student collaboration. 105. A strategy to increase student motivation in middle schools is to encourage a belief in: A) the incremental approach to learning. B) doing homework. C) the entity approach to learning. D) studying for tests. 106. In schools structured so that individuals compete rather than work cooperatively, low-scoring students tend to: A) be highly motivated. B) achieve higher scores as the school year moves on. C) cope by endorsing the entity approach to learning. D) believe in incremental mastery of a subject area. 107. _____ contributes to the poor fit between adolescents' needs and the traditional structure of high schools. A) Large school size B) A low level of competition C) Flexible scheduling D) A high level of student-adult interaction 108. Spreading insults and rumors by means of e-mails, text messages, or Web postings is called: A) spamming. B) cyberbullying. C) electronic harassment. D) hacking. 109. Most U.S. high schools emphasize learning based on _____, which is developmentally appropriate. A) deductive thinking B) memorization C) practical cognition D) international standards Page 19 110. Which is NOT a challenge associated with vocational education at the secondary level in the United States? A) Many of the most experienced teachers instruct students in college-bound courses. B) Teachers tend to favor college-bound students. C) Graduates of vocational programs earn less than students who do not attend them. D) Preparing students for jobs instead of college may appear to be racist, classist, or sexist. 111. High school guidance counselors in the United States have an average caseload of _____ students. A) 150 B) 225 C) 270 D) 300 112. According to the results of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the countries with the highest math test scores are: A) Greece and Iceland. B) Japan and United States. C) Austria and Italy. D) China and Singapore. 113. The nations with the best PISA results do NOT: A) focus on memorization of math formulas. B) have a culture that strongly values education. C) show respect for the teaching profession. D) place the best teachers with the students who need them most. 114. As the United States moves increasingly toward high-stakes testing: A) other nations are following suit. B) other nations are moving away from it. C) girls are earning the highest test scores. D) boys are earning the lowest test scores. Page 20 115. José enjoys sports, especially running. As an adolescent, he has the potential to become a star athlete. Which pair of influences will be MOST beneficial to him in reaching his full potential? A) the development of his prefrontal cortex and the support of his peers B) the encouragement of his family and the myelination of his sensory cortex C) the development of his limbic system and the influence of male hormones D) changes in myelination in his brain and the guidance of an experienced coach 116. At what age does the brain become fully mature? A) 20 B) 25 C) 30 D) 35 117. Researchers predict that if PISA scores in the United States rose by 25 points, the result could mean an increase of _____ in the nation's Gross Domestic Product over an 80-year time span. A) $400,000 B) $40 million C) $40 billion D) $40 trillion Page 21