Developing Person Through the Life Span

Answer Key 1. Step 1: Begin with curiosity. Pose a question based on a theory, prior research, or personal observation. Step 2: Develop a hypothesis, which is a specific prediction that can be tested through research. Step 3: Test the hypothesis. Design and conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data). Step 4: Analyze the evidence gathered in the research. Draw conclusions. Using the evidence gathered in the research, conclude whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted. Step 5: Report the results by sharing the data, conclusions, and alternative explanations with other scientists. Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Lists steps of States five of the steps States three of the scientific method in in order steps in order order Explains each step Describes the five Describes three steps steps Weak (1–0 pts) States fewer than thre steps or does not state the steps in order Describes fewer than three steps or does no describe steps accurately 2. Nature refers to the influence of genes on a person, and nurture refers to environmental influences on a person. Environmental influences include the health and diet of the embryo's mother and continuing lifelong, including experiences in the family, school, community, and society. An example of nature would be inheriting a gene that predisposes one to addiction. An example of nurture would be having a predisposition to addiction but being raised in a warm, stimulating environment in which parents do not abuse drugs or alcohol, reducing the individual's risk for addiction as a result of not being exposed to abuse or parental addictions. The debate concerns how many of any person's characteristics, behaviors, or emotions are the result of genes and how many are the result of the person's experiences. Good (5 pts.) Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1-0 pts.) Accurately defines Accurately defines Does not accurately both terms and gives one term and gives at define both terms or an example of both least one accurate supply accurate example examples Describes the debate Accurately describes Accurately describes Does not accurately both sides of the one side of the debate describe the debate debate 3. Modern researchers have learned that neither nature alone nor nurture alone can provide a complete way to understand development. Both nature and nurture matter, as both genes and environment affect nearly all of our characteristics. Epigenetics is the study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression—enhancing, halting, shaping, or altering the expression of genes. This means that one's environment influences the expression of some genes. Defines nature and nurture Good (5 pts.) Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1–0 pts.) Researchers' viewpoint States modern Is vague about Incorrectly states researchers' stance that modern researchers' modern researchers' both matter stance stance Epigenetics Defines the term and Defines the term Does not describe the clearly explains what it without explaining term or give an means its meaning explanation 4. Differential susceptibility refers to the idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences. These differences are often genetic. In one study, depression in pregnant women was assessed, and then the emotional maturity of their children was measured. Children who had a particular version of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) were likely to be emotionally immature if their mothers were depressed but more mature than average if their mothers were not depressed. Good (5 pts.) Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1–0 pts.) Defines Accurately defines the Partially defines the Does not accurately differential term term define the term susceptibility Refers to the Provides the example Partially explains Does not provide the example of presented in the the link between example or incorrectly maternal textbook maternal depression explains the link depression and and children's between maternal children's emotional maturity depression and children's emotional emotional maturity maturity 5. A critical period is a time when something must occur to ensure normal development, and a sensitive period is a time when a specific developmental task occurs most easily. An example of a critical period would be the fetus growing arms and legs and hands and feet—this can occur only at a specific time in utero. Language development is an example of a sensitive period. It occurs most easily at a young age but can still develop at a later age as well. Good (5 pts.) Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1–0 pts.) Defines both periods Defines just one Fails to define both and differentiates period or is vague periods or fails to between them about differentiation differentiate Gives examples Gives a correct example Gives a correct Does not give any for both periods example of either examples period 6. Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems theory is a perspective on human development that considers all the influences from the various contexts of development. This approach recognizes three nested levels as well as two systems that affect these levels. He believed that each person is affected by his or her social context. Over the course of his career, he identified five systems. The first is the microsystem (e.g., one's family and peer group), the second is the exosystem (school, clubs, and church), and the third is the macrosystem (larger social setting, such as cultural values and economic policies). The Defines and differentiates fourth system, called the chronosystem, is the role of historical context, and the fifth system, called the mesosystem, is the interaction that occurs between all the other systems. Good (5 pts.) Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1–0 pts.) Explains ecological Clearly states what the Gives a vague Is unable to describe systems theory theory is explanation of the the theory theory Identifies the systems Identifies the five Identifies three of the Identifies fewer than systems and gives an systems or gives three of the systems o example of each examples of three of gives fewer than three the systems examples 7. A cohort is a group of people born within a few years of each other who move through time together. Cohorts travel through life affected by the interaction of their chronological age with the values, events, technologies, and culture of the historical period. Cohort examples will vary but should show an understanding of a cohort. Examples include the names that parents give their babies, “Occupy Wall Street,” “Black Lives Matter,” the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and attitudes about marijuana. The baby-boom generation is the example given in the text. Other common examples include the Greatest Generation (people who lived through the Depression and WWII) and the Millennials (Generation Y, born between the early 1980s and the early 2000s). Another example would be Generation X, born between the early 1960s and the early 1980s. Explains cohort Gives an example Good (5 pts.) Fair (3 pts.) Correctly defines Defines cohort cohort and explains its without explaining its importance on effect on members members Gives an example of a Gives a vague cohort example of cohort Weak (1–0 pts.) Does not define coho correctly Gives an incorrect example or does not give an example 8. SES, or socioeconomic status, is a person's position in society and is determined by education, occupation, neighborhood, and income. Weak (1–0 pts.) Does not explain the term Provides the four Does not include the components four components or includes incorrect components 9. Culture is the system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations, and symbolic representations that persist over time and prescribe social rules of conduct. Culture is a powerful social construction, or a concept created by a society. Such social constructions affect how people think and act—what they value, praise, ignore, and Explains the term Good (5 pts.) Correctly explains the term Includes the four components Fair (3 pts.) Partially explains the term Includes two components of SES punish. Different cultures may view the same behaviors or phenomena as either assets or deficits. Therefore, by studying different cultures, researchers can identify which patterns are universal among humans and which occur only in certain cultures. This information provides insights into the effects of different environments. Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1–0 pts.) Gives a definition of Does not define culture without culture describing it Explains why Clearly explains why Is vague about why Does not explain why researchers study researchers study researchers study researchers study different cultures different cultures different cultures different cultures 10. Ethnic groups often share a culture, but not necessarily. There are multiple intersecting and interacting dimensions to ethnic identity. People may share ethnicity but differ culturally. For example, people of Irish descent in Ireland, Australia, and North America may come from several ethnic groups. In another example, African-born people in North America typically consider themselves African, but African people in Africa identify with more specific ethnic groups. Race refers to people who are regarded by themselves or by others on the basis of their physical appearance, typically skin color. However, social scientists are convinced that race is a social construction and that color terms exaggerate minor differences. For instance, dark-skinned people with African ancestors have high levels of within-population genetic diversity, and many dark-skinned people whose ancestors were not African share neither culture nor ethnicity with Africans. Describes culture Differentiates the three terms Provides examples Good (5 pts.) Clearly describes culture Good (5 pts.) Explains how culture, ethnicity, and race differ Illustrates by example how the three terms differ Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1–0 pts.) Differentiates between Does not differentiate two of the terms the three terms Partially illustrates by Does not provide example differences examples or provides between the three incorrect examples terms 11. Students should list any 6 of these 12 factors: - low serotonin level in the brain - low exposure to sunlight, especially in winter - being taken care of by a mother with postpartum depression - malnutrition (low hemoglobin) - a lack of close friends - serious diseases, such as Parkinson's or AIDS, or drugs to treat diseases - a life crisis (disruptive event) - death of a mother before age 10 - absence of a father during childhood, especially due to divorce - siblings with eating disorders - poverty, especially in places with great disparity between the rich and poor - low cognitive skills Good (5 pts.) Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1–0 pts.) Lists factors related Gives six factors from Gives four factors Gives fewer than four to depression list above from list above factors from list abov 12. Plasticity is the molding of human traits while simultaneously maintaining some durability of identity. The concept of plasticity reminds us that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body and mind and between the individual and every aspect of his or her environment. Influences that affect plasticity include culture, upbringing, and genes. Students' examples should relate to some aspect of growth in their individual lives, such as how they—or someone they know—have overcome adversity. For example, they could discuss how a high-functioning person on the autism spectrum can eventually earn a college degree. (The autism remains [durability], but with school and other societal interventions, the person can still achieve traditional milestones.) Defines and discusses plasticity Lists factors that influence plasticity Good (5 pts.) Fair (3 pts.) Defines the concept of Defines or discusses plasticity and plasticity discusses it Lists three factors that Lists two factors that influence plasticity influence plasticity Weak (1–0 pts.) Does not define or discuss plasticity Lists one or no factor that influence plasticity Gives a plasticity Gives an example of Gives an example of Does not give an example plasticity plasticity but does not example of plasticity relate it to a personal experience 13. A cross-sectional design compares groups of people of one age with at least one other group of people of another age at a specific point in time. Although the people differ in age, they should be similar in other important characteristics. It is faster than a longitudinal study, because all the data are immediately available. Ideally, the participants should be matched at the same socioeconomic level. To implement a cross-sectional design that examines age and reading ability, first identify two groups of children: 8-year-olds and 12-year-olds. Second, evaluate each individual child's reading ability. Finally, compare the children from each group, and look for differences in reading ability. Defines cross-sectional design Good (5 pts.) Describes cross-sectional design and identifies that participants should be of a similar socioeconomic status Fair (3 pts.) Describes cross-section design but does not elaborate about having similar socioeconomic statuses for participants Weak (1–0 pts.) Gives a vague or incorrect description of cross-sectional design Summarizes how to Identifies the three Identifies two parts of Identifies one part or do the research parts of the research the research design cannot identify the design research design 14. Researchers must ensure that people's participation is (1) voluntary, (2) confidential, and (3) harmless. They must obtain the informed consent of all the participants. Informed consent means that participants must understand and agree to the procedures after being told of any risks involved. If children are involved, consent must be obtained from the children as well as their parents. Participants must also be allowed to end their participation at any time. Good (5 pts.) Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1–0 pts.) States all three conditions; States two conditions; States one condition; describes informed explains informed fails to explain consent and that consent or that informed consent participants can end participants can end participation participation 15. A correlation exists between two variables when one variable changes (increases or decreases) as the other variable changes. Examples will vary but should illustrate this concept, such as the relationship between increased ice cream sales and higher murder rates. It is impossible to determine cause and effect from correlations, because even though correlations indicate a connection between two variables, they cannot determine the reason for the connection, since no other variables are controlled. In the example above, both ice cream sales and violent crime increase during hot weather. Therefore, a third variable—heat—may explain this relationship. Summarizes practices to protect participants Good (5 pts.) Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1–0 pts.) Gives an accurate Gives an adequate Gives an inaccurate o definition of definition of no definition of correlation correlation correlation Gives an example of Offers a good example Offers a vague or Offers an incorrect or a correlation of a correlation weak example of a no example of a correlation correlation Explains the States that causation Implies that causation States that causation relationship between cannot be determined can be determined can be determined causation and from a correlation from a correlation from a correlation correlation 16. Quantitative research provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales. Qualitative research, in contrast, relies on open-ended questions, and information is presented in narrative rather than numerical form. Many developmental researchers rely on quantitative research, as it reflects cultural and contextual diversity. Defines correlation Differentiates quantitative and qualitative research Good (5 pts.) Explains the differences between the two types of research Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1–0 pts.) Provides partial definitions Does not differentiate of the two types of research the two types of research Explains the Includes the benefits Only includes one benefit Does not include the benefits of of using qualitative associated with qualitative benefits of qualitative using research research research qualitative research in developmental psychology 17. Ethics are a set of moral principles and specific practices that protect both participants and the integrity of research. Ethical standards provide study participants with the assurance of informed consent; the knowledge that their participation is voluntary and confidential; and the promise that they will not be harmed. Ethics are also a vital part of the reporting process after the research has been conducted. Reports of findings should be accurate, and the study should be able to be replicated under the same conditions. Collaboration, replication, and transparency are essential ethical safeguards for all scientists. Good (5 pts.) Defines ethics Defines ethics 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Fair (3 pts.) Weak (1–0 pts.) Defines ethics only as they Does not define ethic apply to participants or the reporting process Explains the Explains why ethics Identifies only how ethics Does not explain why importance of are important, are important for ethics are important ethics including the three participants or their ethical importance to the reporting safeguards—collaborat process and replication ion, replication, and transparency; states several ways in which ethics protect participants and how ethics protect findings and replication how and why scientific tested (evaluated) (examined) data replication Nature Framingham nature; nurture nurture Epigenetics differential susceptibility life-span perspective critical 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. sensitive critical sensitive microsystem macrosystems chronosystem cohort socioeconomic (SES) culture social construction difference-equals-deficit ethnic pride multidisciplinary dynamic systems multicontextual differential susceptibility Scientific experiment independent (experimental) survey cross-sectional longitudinal longitudinal negative quantitative qualitative code of ethics D A C C A A C B D B D D C B A B B A 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. A B A C A C B C D D D C A B A C D B A D C C D D A C C D A A B C D C B C A B B C C A A B B A 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. B C B B D D C A A C D A A C D C A C D C A B D B B C A A D C D B C D A B C A C D C B B A A A 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. A B B A B B A B A A A B B A B A B B A A B A A A Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ 1. List in order and explain each of the five basic steps of the scientific method. 2. Define nature and nurture, and give an example of each. Also, describe the nature–nurture debate. 3. Describe how contemporary researchers view the perspective that most modern developmentalists take on the nature–nurture debate, and explain epigenetics. 4. Explain differential susceptibility, using the example of maternal depression and children's emotional maturity described in your textbook. 5. Define a critical period and a sensitive period. Explain the difference between the two periods, and give an example of each. 6. Explain Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems theory, and describe his five systems. 7. Define cohort, explain its effects, and give an example of one. 8. Explain the term SES, including four components of SES. 9. Describe culture, and explain why researchers interested in human development study different cultures. 10. Ava believes that the terms culture, ethnicity, and race mean the same thing and are interchangeable. Explain why Ava is wrong, using examples from your textbook. 11. List at least six factors that have been linked to depression. 12. Define and discuss the term plasticity as it relates to human development. What factors influence plasticity in development? Offer at least one example of plasticity that has operated or is operating in your own life. 13. Imagine that you are interested in the relationship between age and reading ability for children ages 8 to 12 years old. Briefly define the cross-sectional design, and summarize how you could test this relationship using that design. 14. What practices must be built into a research study to protect participants? 15. Define correlation, and give an example. Can one determine cause and effect from correlations? Explain why or why not. 16. Differentiate quantitative research from qualitative research. What are the benefits of using qualitative research in developmental psychology? 17. What are ethics, and why are ethical standards so important to scientific research? 18. The science of human development seeks to understand _____ people—all kinds of people, everywhere, of every age—change over time. 19. To prevent unexamined opinions and personal biases from influencing research findings, it is important to employ the _____ method. 20. A hypothesis is a specific prediction that can be 21. Empirical evidence refers to “ by various research methods. .” 22. In scientific research, collecting additional evidence by studying different participants than used in the original study is known as “ .” 23. _____ refers to the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception. 24. The _____ Heart Study, which began in 1948, has resulted in reduced rates of cigarette smoking, increased rates of exercise, and worldwide prevention against premature deaths. 25. Tim told his friend that he is tall because he inherited “tall” genes from his dad. Tim was claiming that , but not , was responsible for his height. 26. The combination of all environmental influences that affect an individual after conception is called “_____.” 27. is the study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression. 28. Although they are sisters, Terri and Neeva respond very differently to stressful events. Terri becomes emotionally and physically upset and has a difficult time focusing on what is positive in her life. Neeva, on the other hand, deals with stressful events directly and tends to remain optimistic. These differences illustrate the concept of “ .” 29. The takes into account all phases of life, from conception through death. 30. A _____ period of development is a time in which a particular type of development must occur if it is to occur at all. 31. A _____ period of development is a time in which a particular development occurs more easily—but not exclusively—at a certain time. 32. Thalidomide only caused birth defects if a pregnant woman ingested the drug during the _____ period of prenatal development. 33. Language learning illustrates the concept of a “ period of development.” 34. Although Tanner's friends do well in school, he is a low-achieving student. Tanner and his friends decide to meet once a week to study; soon, Tanner's grades start to improve. Within the ecological-systems perspective, the influence of Tanner's friends on his school performance illustrates the “ .” 35. According to the ecological-systems approach, _____ are part of the larger social setting, such as cultural values, economic policies, and political processes. 36. Today's generation of children and young adults is heavily influenced by social media. That is, their historical context is very different from that of their grandparents. This illustrates Bronfenbrenner's concept of the “ .” 37. A(n) _____ is a group of people born at about the same time who experience the same historical events and cultural shifts. 38. A person's income and level of education is part of his or her status. 39. The system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions is known as “ .” 40. Two people from different cultures may value the need for achievement or success differently because of the of each culture. 41. The human tendency to assume that people unlike us are inferior is called the “_____ error.” 42. People of a specific group share certain attributes, such as religion and language. 43. Ethnicity is the product of the , not biology. 44. Afton is seeking therapy for depression. At the first therapy session, the therapist informs her that depression is caused by many factors, including genes, neurology, and development. Afton's therapist is referring to the _____ nature of depression, as many areas of discipline are needed to understand depression. 45. The _____ approach refers to the idea that human development is ongoing and ever-changing. 46. In David's story, although he was exposed to rubella during prenatal development, the higher socioeconomic status of his family made it possible for him to receive the medical and educational care that he needed to thrive. David also had two older brothers who watched out for him. The story of David illustrates the _____ characteristic of development. 47. The genes and expressions of each person prime him or her to respond in a particular way, and responses are plastic. This illustrates the concept of “ .” 48. _____ observation requires researchers to record behaviors systematically and objectively. 49. Researchers who want to establish a causal relationship between two variables must use a research design called a(n) “ .” 50. In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the 51. A variable. is a quick way to collect data from a large number of people. 52. In _____ research, groups of people of one age are compared with people of another age. 53. Dr. Elkhart is interested in whether adults value different romantic qualities in their partners as they age. She recruits 250 young adults and administers a survey on desired qualities in potential mates. Dr. Elkhart plans to re-administer the survey every three years until participants reach the age of 70. Dr. Elkhart is implementing the _____ research design. 54. Cross-sequential, or cohort-sequential, research combines the cross-sectional design with the design. 55. As children age, they tend to sleep fewer hours. This relationship is an example of a(n) correlation. 56. To determine how children throughout the world compare in certain academic subjects, such as math and science, researchers rely on achievement test scores. This is an example of research. 57. Professor Marquette is interested in how parents from different ethnic groups view corporal punishment. Professor Marquette and her team interview hundreds of parents throughout the country, asking open-ended questions to gain further insight into parental beliefs. This is an example of research. 58. Each academic discipline and professional society involved in the study of human development has a , or a set of moral principles. 59. The science of human development seeks to understand A) the meaning of life B) the accuracy of new theories C) the works of Freud, Piaget, and Erikson D) how and why people change over time . 60. Dr. Furth wonders whether a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a large dose of vitamin E. Dr. Furth has just demonstrated the _____ step in the scientific method. A) first B) second C) third D) fourth 61. Dr. Hernandez predicts that a certain drug will reduce hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia. Her prediction is called A) a “conclusion.” B) “empirical evidence.” C) a “hypothesis.” D) an “observation.” 62. A researcher designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether a particular drug would help patients with bipolar disorder. By designing and conducting this experiment, the researcher was able to . A) establish a positive correlation B) demonstrate proof C) test the hypothesis D) confirm the results 63. Dr. Henderson is curious to know more about how children's peer relationships develop over time. To gain an understanding of this subject that is not based on opinion or personal bias, Dr. Henderson should . A) use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts B) have the children undergo psychoanalysis C) interview parents and teachers D) read Dr. Spock's book Baby and Child Care 64. The first step in the scientific method involves A) posing a question B) conducting research C) analyzing evidence D) developing a hypothesis . 65. The second step in the scientific method involves A) posing a question B) conducting research C) developing a hypothesis D) sharing the results 66. The third step in the scientific method involves A) posing a question B) conducting research C) sharing the results D) developing a hypothesis . . 67. The fourth step in the scientific method involves _____. A) posing a question B) conducting research C) developing a hypothesis D) supporting or refuting a hypothesis 68. Empirical evidence is based on . A) theories and speculation B) observation, experience, or experiment C) inferences based on personal biases D) opinions generated by focus groups 69. After posing a question, a researcher using the scientific method A) draws conclusions B) runs an experiment C) selects a group of participants D) develops a hypothesis 70. The final step in the scientific method involves A) testing a hypothesis B) posing a question C) conducting research D) reporting the results . . 71. Dr. Feigl is interested in designing a study on children's language acquisition. What is the first step that Dr. Feigl should take, according to the scientific method? A) Recruit children and their parents as participants in the study. B) Develop a hypothesis regarding language acquisition. C) Pose a research question about language acquisition. D) Draw conclusions on the way children acquire language. 72. A hypothesis is a(n) . A) experiment B) prediction that can be tested C) conclusion drawn from research D) replication of a scientific study 73. Replication involves . A) the repetition of a study using different participants B) the repetition of a study using the same participants C) designing a new study based on information from a previous study D) designing a new study using new ideas and information 74. Dr. Kong conducts a study in which he finds that smoking is related to an increased risk of high blood pressure. He publishes his results. Then Dr. Meco conducts the same study using different participants in another city. Dr. Meco's work is an example of . A) scientific controversy B) replication C) ethics D) data analyses 75. Due to findings from the Framingham Heart Study, . A) childhood obesity rates have soared since the early 1980s B) cigarette smoking is down, exercise is up, and doctors routinely monitor blood pressure, weight, and cholesterol C) cigarette smoking and obesity rates are up, but cancer risk has decreased dramatically D) more parents are monitoring their children's use of harmful substances, such as alcohol and drugs 76. According to the feature in your text titled “Are Children Too Overweight?” researchers predicted that overweight children will have a higher rate of heart attacks, strokes, diabetes, and death in adulthood, even if they slim down before adulthood. The data from this study . A) disproved the hypothesis B) were inconclusive C) supported the hypothesis D) could not be replicated 77. Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children believe in the importance of as it relates to development. A) nurture B) replication C) nature D) classical conditioning 78. _____ refers to all the environmental influences that affect development after conception. A) Epigenetics B) Nurture C) Nature D) Differential susceptibility 79. In the science of human development, nature refers to A) the influence of the genes that people inherit B) environmental influences C) patterns of development D) developmental differences . 80. In the science of human development, nurture refers to A) hereditary B) genetic C) environmental D) unique traits. 81. Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. They are on different sides of the debate. A) nature–nurture B) intelligent design–evolution C) genes–development D) traits–conditioning 82. Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of A) nature and nurture acting separately B) genetic traits C) nature and nurture acting together D) environmental influences 83. Which of the following illustrates the influence of nature in development? A) having a mother who smoked during pregnancy B) having the gene for epilepsy C) eating a healthy diet D) living in a loud neighborhood 84. _____ studies the many ways in which the environment alters gene expression. A) Differential susceptibility B) Ethology C) Epigenetics D) The nature–nurture debate . 85. Travis and Marcus, close friends, grew up in the same neighborhood. Both were exposed to chronic poverty, gang violence, and family dysfunction. By the time they were in high school, Travis was flunking most of his classes, had a child, and had been arrested numerous times for drug-related crimes and theft. Marcus, on the other hand, was a good student, played football, and had aspirations to attend college. These different developmental trajectories, despite similar environmental influences, illustrate the concept of _____ A) “epigenetics.” B) a “critical period.” C) a “sensitive period.” D) “differential susceptibility.” 86. In one study that looked at the effects of maternal depression during pregnancy and child outcomes, researchers found that children who had a particular type of the serotonin transporter gene were likely to be emotionally immature if their mothers were depressed. However, children with this gene were more mature than average if their mothers were not depressed. These findings illustrate the concept of A) “epigenetics.” B) a “critical period.” C) a “sensitive period.” D) “differential susceptibility.” 87. The life-span perspective takes into account development from A) birth to death B) childhood to middle age C) birth to adolescence D) conception to death 88. Late adulthood begins at age A) 45 B) 55 C) 65 D) 75 . 89. A developmental perspective requires consideration of A) time B) one's birthday C) observer bias D) scientific conclusions . . 90. With respect to the concept of multidirectional development, when change is rapid and dramatic, such as when a larva becomes a mosquito, it is an example of . A) continuity B) discontinuity C) genetics D) nurture 91. The concept of multidirectional development suggests that when change is gradual, as when a tortoise grows larger over its 150-year lifespan, it is an example of . A) continuity B) discontinuity C) genetics D) nurture 92. Which example best illustrates a critical period? A) a child learning to walk B) a child learning a second language before age 4 C) a human fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero D) a child learning to ride a bike between 5 and 6 years of age 93. Which example best illustrates a sensitive period? A) a child who is born blind B) an egg being fertilized C) a fetus developing fingers and toes D) a child learning to speak a second language 94. Between 1957 and 1961, many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a(n) period of prenatal development. A) sensitive B) critical C) early D) late 95. A woman in Honduras worked in a field treated with pesticides during her pregnancy. Her son was subsequently born with no arms or legs. Her pesticide exposure likely occurred during a(n) period of prenatal development. A) critical B) early C) late D) sensitive 96. Bobby did not learn to read until he was an adolescent. When he did learn to read, it was much harder for him than it was for his peers. If Bobby had learned to read during the early and middle childhood years, he would have acquired literacy skills much more efficiently. Bobby's difficulty learning to read as an adolescent demonstrates the concept of a(n) “ period.” A) critical B) early C) late D) sensitive 97. The effects of climate, noise, population density, family size, and multiethnic communities illustrate that development is . A) linear B) multidirectional C) multicontextual D) multicultural 98. The ecological-systems approach was proposed by A) Maslow B) Freud C) Bronfenbrenner D) Skinner . 99. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, the _____ refers to the interactions among systems. A) macrosystem B) exosystem C) microsystem D) mesosystem 100. Which term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person's development? A) macrosystem B) exosystem C) microsystem D) chronosystem 101. Dorothy was born during the Great Depression. Within the context of the ecological-systems approach, Dorothy's experience of growing up during this time period falls within the . A) chronosystem B) exosystem C) microsystem D) macrosystem 102. Dwayne was born to a single mother living in Chicago. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, Dwayne's experience in this social context is an example of the . A) chronosystem B) exosystem C) microsystem D) macrosystem 103. Dr. Kolbe is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which of the following would Dr. Kolbe be MOST interested in examining? A) cultural values and economic processes B) family and peer groups C) medical centers and religious institutions D) the development of the skeletal structure in children 104. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, a hospital in the community is an example of the . A) ecosystem B) microsystem C) chronosystem D) exosystem 105. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, family and peers are part of one's A) microsystem B) exosystem C) macrosystem D) social system 106. A person's macrosystem includes A) political processes B) the peer group C) school and church D) the historical setting . . 107. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, the historical context that affects other systems is called the “ .” A) ecosystem B) chronosystem C) mesosystem D) macrosystem 108. Bettie grew up in the Great Depression, while her granddaughter is part of the millennial generation. Bettie and her granddaughter belong to different . A) socioeconomic groups B) microsystems C) cohorts D) cultural groups 109. High school classmates are part of the same A) social construction B) network C) socioeconomic status D) cohort 110. Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's A) culture B) ethnicity C) social class D) race . . 111. An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her A) ethnicity B) education level C) political beliefs D) religion . 112. An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her A) ethnicity B) political beliefs C) neighborhood D) religion . 113. Zachary is a part-time construction worker. Noah is an attorney. These occupations reflect Zachary and Noah's . A) SES B) political values C) cohorts D) family values 114. Jameel has a college degree, lives in a nice neighborhood, and earns more than $50,000 a year. This information defines his . A) economic potential B) socioeconomic status C) cohort D) microsystem 115. A system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations, and symbolic representations is the definition of . A) a cohort B) culture C) nature D) nurture 116. The general term for a concept that is created by society is A) culture B) a cohort C) a social construction D) SES . 117. Li, age 11, is a recent Chinese immigrant. Li's new teachers have noticed that he rarely talks, does not make eye contact, and seems very shy. When they speak to Li's parents, they are surprised, as these characteristics are valued in Li's culture. The perception of Li's behavior reflects the concept of a(n) “ .” A) microsystem B) exosystem C) social construction D) social phobia 118. One historical example of the “different-equals-deficit” error is . A) men perceiving women as intellectually inferior B) European immigrants crossing the ocean to settle in America C) how people's IQ scores have been steadily rising for more than 100 years D) women taking factory jobs during World War II 119. An example of the “difference-equals-deficit” error is . A) assuming that children who are hearing impaired cannot communicate as well as children who can hear B) failing to compare typical and atypical behavior C) ignoring inconsistencies in a child's language development D) identifying flaws within the scientific method 120. People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who usually share the same language and religion are called a(n) “ .” A) racial group B) ethnic group C) SES group D) exosystem 121. According to the text, race is A) part of the microsystem B) a social construction C) defined by heritage D) multidirectional . 122. Some social scientists believe that _____ terms exaggerate minor differences between people. A) color B) diversity C) genetic analysis D) culture 123. The fact that race is a social construction . A) reflects inconsistencies in ethnic categories B) does not make the term meaningless C) means that it should be replaced with the term “culture” D) shows how powerful genetic influences are on development 124. The three domains of development are . A) genetic, environmental, and cultural B) nature, nurture, and SES C) biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial D) physical, social, and emotional 125. Epigenetics is . A) the study of defective human genes B) the study of how the environment affects which genes are expressed C) a theory that emphasizes nature over nurture D) a theory that explains how motivation can alter biological traits 126. Genes alone do not determine development; environmental forces also shape development. This information has led to the understanding that many human characteristics are . A) plastic B) epigenetic C) static D) diverse 127. The following are categories that are associated with potential causes of depression EXCEPT for . A) genes B) neurology C) environmental influences D) ethnicity 128. Plasticity refers to the . A) fact that many academic fields contribute data to the science of development B) universals and specifics of human development in many cultural settings C) vast array of contexts in which development occurs D) potential for human traits to be modeled during development but also to remain durable 129. The term plasticity reminds us that . A) human development is linear B) critical and sensitive periods predict developmental outcomes C) developmental change is possible D) human traits are mostly inborn 130. The idea that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body, mind, and every aspect of the environment reflects the . A) dynamic-systems approach B) theory of evolution C) concept of universality D) domino effect 131. Which of these is the BEST example of plasticity? A) a child who experiences a traumatic brain injury and relearns how to walk and talk B) a teenager who spends a summer in Chile as part of his church youth group C) a woman who leaves her job to stay home with her newborn D) a man who is in a serious car wreck and remains in a coma five years later 132. In the case study of David, he was exposed to A) HIV B) cancer-causing pesticides C) rubella D) pneumonia during his mother's pregnancy. 133. In the case study of David, his IQ changed from about 40 to about 130, and his physical disabilities improved with age. These changes reflect which characteristic of development? A) multidirectional B) multidisciplinary C) multicontextual D) plasticity 134. Differential sensitivity means that certain people have genes that A) make them more vulnerable to particular experiences B) interact and coordinate to influence developmental outcomes C) determine their social interactions and intellectual outcomes D) have an unknown impact on their long-term development . 135. Scientific observation allows for the . A) study of individuals' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner B) determination of cause-and-effect relationships C) observation of participants without their knowledge D) systematic manipulation of variables 136. Which statement about scientific observation is true? A) It requires a large number of participants. B) It requires specialized equipment, such as video recorders. C) It involves recording behavior systematically and objectively. D) It must take place in a lab setting. 137. Experiments allow researchers to . A) study the natural environment B) study the complexity of an individual C) use the scientific method in a cost-effective way D) determine a cause-and-effect relationship 138. When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is a(n) . A) case study B) meta-analysis C) experiment D) survey 139. A dependent variable is . A) the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an independent variable B) any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the experiment C) the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher D) an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher 140. An independent variable is _____. A) the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of a dependent variable. B) any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the experiment. C) the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher. D) an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher. 141. An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be A) gender B) blood type C) eye color D) level of depression . 142. In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the “ group.” A) independent B) dependent C) experimental D) comparison 143. The purpose of an experiment is to find out whether . A) an independent variable affects the dependent variable B) a positive correlation can be established C) the dependent variable can be manipulated D) the hypothesis is flawed or influenced by researcher bias 144. “ A) B) C) D) research” is a quick way to study the development of a large group of people. Experimental Survey Cohort-sequential Longitudinal 145. Which of the following is a limitation of survey research? A) Participants often drop out of the research. B) It is expensive and time-consuming. C) It requires experimental control. D) Participants may be dishonest in their answers. 146. The quickest and least expensive way to study development over time is with _____ research. A) survey B) cross-sectional C) longitudinal D) experimental 147. Dr. Bloom wanted to learn whether ice cream preferences change at different stages of development. For her study, she conducted a one-time assessment in which she asked a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 15-year-olds, and a group of 30-year-olds to identify their ice cream preferences. Dr. Bloom conducted a study. A) case B) cross-sectional C) longitudinal D) cross-sequential 148. _____ research involves studying the same individuals over time, as their development is repeatedly assessed. A) Survey B) Cross-sectional C) Longitudinal D) Observational 149. Which is NOT a limitation associated with longitudinal research? A) the aging of the participants B) losing participants over time C) changing historical context D) participants becoming aware of the goals of the study and changing their behaviors or answers 150. Which type of research design combines the cross-sectional design with the longitudinal research design? A) cross-sequential B) cross-sectional C) meta-sequential D) quasi-experimental 151. A correlation indicates that there is _____ between two variables. A) a causal link B) validity C) reliability D) a relationship 152. A correlation is considered to be negative if . A) both variables decrease B) both variables increase C) one variable increases while the other variable decreases D) change in one variable is unrelated to change in the other variable 153. A correlation is considered to be zero if . A) one variable increases while the other decreases B) both variables decrease C) both variables increase D) there is no relationship between the variables 154. The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between Hank's food intake and his hunger is . A) positive B) negative C) zero D) causal 155. The more parents read to their children, the higher their children score on achievement tests. This relationship between parents reading to their children and child achievement represents a(n) . A) causal relationship B) inverse correlational C) positive correlation D) negative correlation 156. If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children's asthma, he knows for SURE that . A) secondhand smoke causes children's asthma B) secondhand smoke does not cause children's asthma C) prenatal exposure to smoking leads to asthma D) asthma and secondhand smoke have some connection 157. _____ research can be categorized, ranked, or numbered. A) Quantitative B) Qualitative C) Correlational D) Observational 158. _____ research involves asking open-ended questions and reporting answers in narrative, not numerical, form. A) Quantitative B) Qualitative C) Correlational D) Observational 159. _____ research reflects cultural and contextual diversity but is also more vulnerable to bias and harder to replicate. A) Experimental B) Quantitative C) Qualitative D) Longitudinal 160. IRB stands for . A) Institutional Review Board B) International Research Board C) Internal Review Board D) Intelligence Research Board 161. The most important caution for all scientists, particularly those studying human development, is to . A) have an advanced degree B) only conduct experimental research C) uphold ethical standards D) avoid using vulnerable populations 162. A) B) C) D) are essential ethical safeguards. Promotion, social awareness, and publication Independence, privacy, and funding Political correctness, scientific advancement, and medical treatment Collaboration, replication, and transparency 163. From an ethical stance, researchers should choose topics of study that _____. A) may be researched quickly B) may be researched inexpensively C) can help all people live better lives D) are politically correct 164. The science of human development examines how, but not why, people change over time. A) True B) False 165. The primary goal of the scientific method is to generate data that support the researcher's hypotheses. A) True B) False 166. A research question becomes a hypothesis when it is stated as a prediction that can be examined. A) True B) False 167. Using careful analysis of evidence gathered in the research, investigators are able to conclude whether the hypothesis is supported. A) True B) False 168. If Dr. Hall conducts a study in the exact same way that Dr. Jeeves did but uses different participants than Dr. Jeeves, Dr. Hall is engaging in replication. A) True B) False 169. The influence of nurture begins at conception. A) True B) False 170. Since starting school, Sam had struggled with math. His teacher offered to help him with math after school. Now Sam does well on his math assignments. This example illustrates how nature can influence development. A) True B) False 171. Nature is more important than nurture in how a trait or behavior is expressed. A) True B) False 172. Jenny learned to play the piano as a child and played very well until she stopped practicing in her late teenage years. In her 40s, Jenny decided to start playing the piano again. She quickly realized that she had lost most of her ability to play, so she took lessons to relearn how to play the piano. After several years of lessons, Jenny plays the piano very well. This example illustrates the multidirectional nature of development. A) True B) False 173. Most of our development occurs during critical periods. A) True B) False 174. Within the context of Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, a person's immediate surroundings, such as family or peer group, are part of the macrosystem. A) True B) False 175. Individuals in the same cohort are exposed to the same values, events, technologies, and culture of the era. A) True B) False 176. The term cohort refers to individuals born in the same geographical region and within the same social class. A) True B) False 177. Socioeconomic status is also called “social class.” A) True B) False 178. Culture refers to a system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, and expectations. A) True B) False 179. The “difference-equals-deficit” error may lead people to believe that their nation or culture is better than others. A) True B) False 180. Race and ethnicity are different terms for the same thing. A) True B) False 181. Scientists believe that race is a genetic construct. A) True B) False 182. Dr. Hide is a nutritionist, Dr. Sparrow is a sociologist, and Dr. Anderson is a psychologist. They meet to discuss the rising rates of obesity among children, adolescents, and adults. Each offers a different perspective for the increasing rates. This example illustrates how development is multidisciplinary. A) True B) False 183. According to the dynamic-systems approach, human development is a static process. A) True B) False 184. Friends Jill and Susan both experienced poverty as children. In addition, they were raised by single parents and attended poor-performing schools. By late adolescence, Jill had dropped out of school and had two children. Susan, in contrast, was academically ranked number one in her graduating class and had a full academic scholarship to Harvard. This example illustrates the concept of “differential sensitivity.” A) True B) False 185. The main advantage of scientific observation as a research method is that it allows the investigator to determine cause and effect. A) True B) False 186. In an experiment, the group receiving the special treatment is referred to as the “comparison group.” A) True B) False 187. The purpose of a survey is to allow a researcher to collect data quickly from a large population. A) True B) False 188. One limitation of using surveys is that participants may not tell the truth. A) True B) False 189. Dr. Tucker and his research team are interested in how aggression changes as we age. The team will recruit 100 3-year-old children and assess their levels of aggression every three years until the participants turn 21. This is an example of cross-sectional research. A) True B) False 190. In longitudinal research, the same participants are measured at multiple assessment points over a period of time. A) True B) False 191. The cohort-sequential design combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research. A) True B) False 192. When two variables are unrelated, the correlation between them is zero. A) True B) False