University:
Elon University
Course:
PSY 1000 | Introduction to Psychology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

125

Pages:

3
Author:

Shreeja Shah

Classical = Respondent = Pavlovian ➔ Differences b/w Operant and Respondent ◆ UCS - unconditioned stimulus ◆ UCR - unconditioned response ◆ CS - conditioned stimulus ◆ CR - conditioned response ◆ NS - Neutral stimulus ◆ Operant Respondent Fundamental operations Signaling consequences Signaling stimulus presentation Operational nature Response Dependent Response Independent Nature of response emitted/evoked Elicited responses “New” possibilities There are new behaviors done by shaping No new behaviors but new relationships ◆ Pavlov’s dog ● Food (UCS) elicits salivation (UCR) ● Bell (NS) itself causes a response not in relation to salivation ● Bell + Food then present the food repeatedly ● Eventually Bell (CS) elicits salivation (CR) ● In order for extinction to occur you must present the CS without the UCS. ➔ Types of Conditioning ◆ Simultaneous Conditioning ● CS - ≤ 5” - UCS ◆ Trace Conditioning ● CS (on/off) - > 5” - UCS ◆ Delay Conditioning ● CS (on) - > 5” CS (off) / UCS (on) ➔ Stimulus Substitution ◆ CS = UCS and CR ≠ UCR ● CR is learned and UCR is not ● CR can be extinguished UCR cannot ● CR < UCR meaning if you threw up from food originally you may just get nauseous next time ● CRs can be completely opposite (different) of UCR ○ Cocaine (UCS) -> heart rate increases (UCR) ○ Cocaine + Warehouse (CS) -> heart rate decreases (Compensatory CR) ○ To extinguish this, change the CS ➔ Compound Stimuli ◆ Two different stimuli presented simultaneously as if they are one ◆ Overshadowing ◆ Blocking ➔ Combination ◆ Two different stimuli presented separately but sequentially ◆ Sensory Preconditioning ◆ Second Order Conditioning Emotions ➔ Little Albert (John Watson & Rosaline Raynor) ◆ Bring Albert in when he was 6 months old ◆ Loud noise (UCS) elicits “fear” (UCR) ◆ White Rabbit (NS) ◆ Everytime he picks up the white rabbit a loud noise is played ◆ When white rabbit is brought alone (CS) to the room he shows fear (CR/CER) E=Emotion ➔ Counterconditioning (Mary Cover Jones) ◆ Reverse the unwanted effects of respondent conditioning by pairing a new UCS with existing CS ◆ Little Peter ● milk and crackers -> “happy” ● Don’t know the original UCS but little peter is scared of rabbits ● Paired the milk and crackers with the rabbit -> happy Biological Constraints on Learning ➔ Sensory constraints ➔ Motor constraints ➔ Constraints on Cs ◆ Operant conditioning can’t override reflexive behavior ➔ Constraints on S-R relation types ◆ Garcia & Koelling

Differences Between Operant and Respondent

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