Classification of Biodiversity Assignment

Classification of Biodiversity Classification Outline the binomial system of nomenclature Globally recognised classification scheme whereby every organism has a two-part scientific name: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Genus is written first and capitalised (e.g. Homo); and species follows in lower case (e.g. Homo sapiens) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... List the three domains of life Eukarya (all eukaryotic organisms); Archaea (prokaryotic extremophiles); ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Eubacteria (common pathogenic bacteria) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... List the seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa, using examples from two different kingdoms Taxa Plant Example Animal Example Kingdom Plantae Animalia Phylum Angiosperm Chordata Class Eudicotidae Mammalia Order Ranunculales Primate Family Ranunculacae Hominidae Genus Ranunculus Homo Species acris sapiens Buttercup Human Common Name Compare different methods of biological classification Groups organisms based on similarities first and then identify shared characteristics Natural: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Shows how closely related organisms are and allows determination of evolutionary links ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Arbitrarily selects unifying characteristics first and then groups organisms accordingly Artificial: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Easy to develop and relatively stable (unlikely to change) but don’t show evolutionary relationships ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Differentiates organisms based on sequence similarities (genetics) Phylogenetic: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Organisms with a greater similarity in DNA or amino acid sequences are more closely related ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Biodiversity Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using external recognition features Bryophyta: No ‘true’ leaves, roots or stems ; No vascularisation (no xylem / phloem) ; Spores in capsule at end of stalk ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Filicinophyta: Have vascularisation ; Spores in sporangia on underside of leaf ; Have large fronds divided into leaflets ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Coniferophyta: Have vascularisation ; Have seeds (found in cones) ; Leaves narrow with a thick, waxy cuticle ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Angiospermophyta: Have vascularisation ; Have seeds (found in fruits) ; Have flowers as reproductive organs ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Construct a simple dichotomous key (diagrammatic) to identify the four plant phyla No vascularisation Plant Phyla Vascularisation Seeds Bryophytes Flowers Angiospermophytes No Seeds No flowers Coniferophytes Filicinophytes Distinguish between the following phyla of invertebrate animals, using external recognition features Porifera: Possess an asymmetrical body plan ; Have no mouth or anus (have pores) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... May have spicules for structural support ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Cnidaria: Possess radial symmetry ; Have a mouth but no anus (single opening) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Has tentacles & stinging cells (cnidocytes) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Platyhelmintha: Possess bilateral symmetry ; Have a mouth but no anus (single opening) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Flattened body increases SA:Vol ratio ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Annelida: Possess bilateral symmetry ; Have a separate mouth and anus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Body composed of ringed segments ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Mollusca: Possess bilateral symmetry ; Have a separate mouth and anus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... May have a shell ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Arthropoda: Possess bilateral symmetry ; Have a separate mouth and anus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Have jointed appendages & exoskeleton ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Describe the key characteristics of phylum Chordata Chordates have a notochord and a hollow, dorsal nerve tube for at least some period of their life cycle ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... (the phylum Chordata includes the sub-class vertebrae) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Distinguish between the following classes of vertebrate animals, using simple recognition features Fish: Covered in scales (bony plates of skin) ; Reproduce via external fertilisation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Breathe through gills ; Are ectothermic ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Amphibians: Have moist skin, permeable to gases ; Reproduce via external fertilisation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Breathe via skin (may have simple lungs) ; Are ectothermic ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Reptiles: Covered in scales (made of keratin) ; Have internal fertilisation (lay soft eggs) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Breathe via lungs (with extensive folding) ; Are ectothermic ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Birds: Covered in feathers (made of keratin) ; Have internal fertilisation (lay hard eggs) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Breathe via lungs (with parabronchial tubes) ; Are endothermic ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Mammals: Covered in skin (with keratin hair follicles) ; Internal fertilisation (and mammary glands) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Breathe via lungs (with alveoli) ; Are endothermic ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Construct a simple dichotomous key (descriptive) to identify the five vertebrate classes 1. Does it have hair / fur? (NO: go to 2 ; YES: Mammal) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... 2. Does it have feathers? (NO: go to 3 ; YES: Bird) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... 3. Does it have internal fertilisation? (NO: go to 4 ; YES: Reptile) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... 4. Does it have gills as an adult? (NO: Amphibian ; YES: Fish) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........