Review Sheet 27 Endocrine Lab

Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems: "Both the endocrine and nervous systems are major regulating systems of the body. However, the nervous system has been compared to a text message, and the endocrine system to mailing a letter. Briefly explain this comparison."   Nervous system: Controls homeostasis through nerve impulses. It generates transmit electrical impulses less than a second in order for muscle and glands to react. Endocrine system: Takes more time to release hormones into the bloodstream and reach the destination. Definition of Hormone: "Hormones are chemical substances that regulate the internal environment, metabolism, energy balance, & reproduction." Chemical Classification of Hormones: "Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the water-soluble hormones and the steroid (lipid-soluble) hormones." Definition of Target Cell: "A cell that has receptors to recognize/respond to a given hormone." Hormone Specificity: "If hormones travel in the bloodstream, why don't all tissues respond to all hormones? Because hormones can only bind with specific receptors on the target cell." Matching Endocrine Glands and Their Descriptions: Thyroid gland: Located in the anterior neck, produces key hormones for metabolism Pancreas: A mixed gland, located behind the stomach and close to the small intestine Testes: Paired glands suspended in the scrotum Ovaries: Found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production Thymus: Found in the upper thorax overlying the heart, large during youth   Pituitary: Bilobed gland located in the sella turcica Hypothalamus: Produces the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary Pineal: Found in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain Table: Function | Hormone(s) | Synthesizing Gland(s) Regulates the function of another endocrine gland | 1. TSH, 2. ACTH, 3. FSH, 4. LH | Anterior Pituitary Maintains salt and water balance in the extracellular fluid | 1. Aldosterone | Adrenal Cortex Directly involved in milk production and secretion | 1. Prolactin | Anterior Pituitary Controls the rate of body metabolism and regulates blood calcium levels | 1. T3, T4 | Thyroid Gland Regulates blood glucose levels, produced by the same endocrine gland | 1. Insulin, 2. Glucagon | Pancreas Drives development of secondary sex characteristics in males | 1. Testosterone | Testes Directly responsible for regulation of the menstrual cycle | 1. Estrogen, 2. Progesterone | Ovaries 8. Question: Although the pituitary gland is sometimes referred to as the "master gland" of the body, the hypothalamus exerts control over the pituitary gland. How does1 the hypothalamus control both anterior and posterior pituitary functioning? 9. Indicate whether the release of the hormones listed below is stimulated by (A) another hormone, (B) the nervous system (neurotransmitters, or neurosecretions), or (C) humoral factors (the concentration of specific nonhormonal substances in the blood or extracellular fluid).   ACTH: A Calcitonin: C Estrogens: A Insulin: C Norepinephrine: B Parathyroid hormone: C Testosterone: A TSH, FSH, LH: A 10. Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts that directly result in the following conditions. Tetany: Parathyroid Hormone Excessive urine output without high blood glucose levels: ADH Loss of glucose in the urine: Insulin Abnormally small stature, normal proportions: Growth Hormone 11. Name the hormone(s) produced in excessive amounts that directly result in the following conditions. In the adult, large bones of the hands, feet, and face: Growth Hormone   Nervousness, irregular pulse rate, sweating: Epinephrine Demineralization of bones, spontaneous fractures: Parathyroid Hormone Microscopic Anatomy of Selected Endocrine Glands 12. Choose a response from the key below to name the hormone(s) produced by the cell types listed. Key: a. calcitonin   b. GH, prolactin c. glucagon d. glucocorticoids e. insulin f. mineralocorticoids   g. T3, T4 h. TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH Parafollicular cells of the thyroid: a Follicular cells of the thyroid: g Beta cells of the pancreatic islets: e Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets: c Basophil cells of the anterior pituitary: h Acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary: b Zona fasciculata cells: d Zona glomerulosa cells: f 13. Pituitary gland tumors can secrete excess amounts of growth hormone. Describe the signs and symptoms that these tumors cause in an adult experiencing hypersecretion of growth hormone.   In adults, it can cause Acromegaly - abnormally large bones of the hands, feet, and face. 14. Tumors of the adrenal medulla, called pheochromocytomas, cause hypersecretion of catecholamines. Describe the expected signs and symptoms of the tumor. It can cause an instant and ultimately using all of the glucose in the process.   It can cause an instant and ultimately using all of the glucose in the process.