Macromolecules: Structure, Function, and Study Questions

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 1. The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except ____________ bonds. o Peptide 2. Nitrogenous bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines. Examples of purines are ____________. o Adenine; guanine 3. Which of the following is a polymer? o Cellulose, a plant cell wall component 4. In a dehydration synthesis reaction, ____________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction. o Water 5. Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called ___________. o A 1:2:1 ratio of o Carbohydrates 6. Sugars have a(n) _____________ group that interacts with a _____________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water. o Carbonyl (-C=O) ; hydroxyl (-OH) 7. The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by _____________ o Glycosidic linkages 8. Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for ____________ o Energy storage and release 9. The peptide bond is ______________ o A covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide 10. Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by _____________ in the _____________ of the protein. o A single amino acid change; primary structure 11. A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is ____________ o Glycogen 12. The molecule with four fused rings that is found in the animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrae sex hormone is _____________ o Cholesterol 13. The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone and testosterone belong to which class of molecules? o Lipids 14. Protein molecules are polymer (chains) of _____________ o Amino acid molecules 15. The proper 3D shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _____________ o Molecules called chaperonins 16. What is the term for compounds that do not mix with water? o Hydrophobic 17. ____________ is always involved in hydrolysis reactions o Water 18. The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) ____________ bond o Covalent 19. In living organisms, DNA exists as a _____________ with the strand(s) _____________ o Double helix o Running antiparallel 20. Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form? o Chaperonins 21. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the _____________ structure of the protein o Primary 22. A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________ o DNA 23. The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are _____________ o Phospholipids 24. One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that _____________ o They are all disaccharides 25. When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have ______________ and are ____________ at room temperature o Cis double bonds o Liquids 26. The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by _____________ forming either a(n) _____________ or a(n) ______________ o Hydrogen bonds;  helix;  pleated sheet 27. The components of nucleic acids are ____________ o Nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate 28. At a conference, the speaker’s grand finale was sauteing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide ____________ o Chitin 29. Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass? o Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units