Cells Part 1 - Cytology

Cytology CELL MEMBRANE • the study of cells CELLS PART 1: CYTOLOGY Today in A & P What do you need: Pen/Pencil Notebook/Binder Guided Notes (packet) Mini-Case Study Mackenzie, at 4 years old, was diagnosed with pneumonia. Her parents were worried, it seemed that Mackenzie was always sick. She always had a runny nose and had frequent ear infections. As we progress through the lesson, we will explore what is wrong with Mackenzie. What do you think situs inversus is? Given Mackenzie’s history of illness, sniffles, and ear infections, doctors wanted to rule out cystic fibrosis. A Examine the image. Why is CF considered a disorder related to the cell membrane. B 1. Muscle 2. Digestive system C Why do you think this condition could result in problems with the circulatory and digestive systems? Essential Questions: How does the structure of the cell relate to its function? What is the relationship between the cell’s function and human illness? What it the relationship between Glut4, insulin, and glucose? This mini case is based on a real person (Source), images are stock images from morguefile.com Each of these images shows a cell from different parts of the body. Can you identify which came from the: 3. Mouth • phospholipid bilayer • consists of phospholipids and embedded proteins. • Regulate what comes in and out The diagnosis of pneumonia also revealed something else Mackenzie had a condition known as situs inversus. Objective: to describe the cell function Cell Biology • Cells within your body vary in size, structure, and function. • They all start off the same way in an organism, but eventually DIFFERENTIATE into specific types of cells. Could CF have caused Mackenzie’s symptoms? The sweat test showed that Mackenzie did not have extra chloride in her sweat. Does this mean that she does not have CF? CYTOPLASM (CYTOSOL) • Clear gel-like liquid in the cell • mostly water and salt • contains all organelles and cell parts ORGANELLES "little organs" within the cell that perform specific functions LYSOSOMES GOLGI APPARATUS • package and delivery of proteins produced by the ribosomes • Proteins are exported in vesicles LYSOSOME STORAGE DISORDER MITOCHONDRIA • • • remove wastes • contain digestive enzymes to break down substances Watch Video The “powerhouse” of the cell perform cellular respiration • Chemical energy from food is converted to ATP Tay Sachs - progressive deterioration of nerve cells and of mental and physical abilities that begins around 7 months of age and usually results in death by the age of four. Do you think Mackenzie has a problem with her lysosomes? ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Transport system • canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell • 2 types: • Smooth ER for lipid synthesis • Rough ER - Has ribosomes on the surface - Ribosomes make protein • MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS When the mitochondria cannot produce enough ATP, cells lack energy to perform basic life processes. See Video Mackenzie was tested and doctors found that her mitochondria were functioning properly. CENTROSOME (CENTRIOLES) • two cylinders; perpendicular • During cell division, the centrioles form a spindle. Watch Video NUCLEUS CYTOSKELETON • made of microfilaments and microtubules for cell shape and support • Cilia and Flagella - both involved in movement The “brain” of the cell directs cell activities • Contains genetic information –DNA THE BIG PICTURE • • Nucleolus – responsible for the production of ribosomes • Has tiny pores in the nuclear membrane where RNA can exit the nucleus The cell is like a factory. It makes a product, a PROTEIN, according to the instructions of the DNA. Each part of the cell has a job to do in this process. MORE ANALOGIES Doctors wanted to test Mackenzie for a disorder called “PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA” This disorder causes cells to not create normal cilia. Cells scraped from the sinuses showed an irregularity in Mackenzie’s cilia. What is different about this cilia? Why would problems with cilia cause pneumonia, ear infections, and a constant runny nose? Mackenzie can live with PCD, but she will always have a cough and deal with lung and ear infections. What about the situs inversus? It is believed that the motion of cilia may play a part in determining the placement of organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities. In the absence of ciliary motion, organ placement becomes a random event, giving each affected embryo a 50/50 chance of having a situs inversus. 1. What part of the cell is most like the stomach? 2. What part of the cell is most like your circulatory system? 3. What part of the cell is most like your brain? 4. What part of the cell is most like your bones? 5. What part of the cell is most like your skin? Super Difficult Bonus Question Which part of the cell do you think is the most responsible for maintaining homeostasis? Label the cell WS Doctors have warned her parents that when she gets older, she may have trouble conceiving a child and is at risk for an ECTOPIC pregnancy. What role does cilia play in reproduction? Cheek Cells The light microscope used in class has a magnification of 400x. You can see cheek cells at this magnification, and you can see a nucleus, but other structures will not be visible or just appear as dots within the cytoplasm