Criminology Of The Core Chapter 12 Notes

Criminology of the core chapter 12 notes: economic crime: an act committed in violation of the criminal law for the purpose of monetary gain and financial benefits Blue collared crime: traditional common law theft crimes such as larceny burglary and arson white collared crimes: crimes of business enterprise such as embezzlement price fixing and bribery green colored crimes: crimes that affect the environment theft: the intentional taking keeping or using of another’s property without authorization or permission -by the 18th century three separate groups of property criminals were active skilled thieves smugglers and poachers -occasionally criminals may deny their criminality and instead view the transgression as out of character -some criminals claimed they were only borrowing the car when stopped by police when confronted by the store security guard they contended that they really were going to pay for the merchandise they had hidden under their coat because of their lack of commitment to a criminal lifestyle occasionally offenders may be more likely to respond to the general deterrent effect of the law occasional criminals: offenders who do not define themselves by crime role or view themselves as committed career criminals Situational inducement: short term influence on a person's behavior such as financial problems or peer pressure which increases risk taking professional criminals: offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime -the commercial system would grind to a halt if people who were given merchandise to sell or transport could not be held liable for keeping them merchandise for their own use Larceny: taking for ones own use the property of another by means other than force or threats on the victim or forcibly breaking into a person's home or workplace simple theft constructive possession: a legal fiction that applies to situations in which persons voluntarily give up physical custody of their property but still retain legal ownership petty larceny: theft of a small amount of money or property punished as a misdemeanor grand larceny theft of money or property of substantial value punished as a felony -grand larceny involving merchandise great value is a felony punished by a sentence to serve time in state prison Shoplifting: the taking of goods from retail stores Snitch: amateur shoplifter who does not self identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use -criminologists view amateur shoplifters as people who are more likely to reform if apprehended Booster(heel): professional shoplifter who steals with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise booster box: device with a false bottom that can be opened and shut by professional shoplifter lined with metal or some other substance to prevent security tags from setting off alarms placed over merchandise merchant privileged laws: legislation that protects retailers and their employees from lawsuits if they arrest and detain A suspected shoplifter on reasonable grounds -use of stolen credit cards and credit card numbers has become a major problem in the United states costing consumers and merchants hundreds of billions each year -motor vehicle theft is another common larceny offense almost every state requires owners to ensure their vehicles and auto theft is one of the most highly reported of all Major Crimes -among the reasons why an amateur would steal a car would be to go Tory riding short-term transportation long term transportation parts or Commission of another crime car cloning: using a vehicle identification number from a legally registered car to hide the identity of a stolen vehicle or resale -among the most attractive parts for a thief to steal would be Global Positioning System air conditioning airbags and exhaust naive check forgers: amateurs who cash bad checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subculture systematic forgers: professionals who make a living by passing bad checks fence: a buyer and seller of stolen merchandise burglary: entering a home by forced threat or deception with intent to commit a crime -professional burglars while most burglaries may be carried out by amateurs and occasionally thieves some offenders make burglary their career and continuously develop new specialized skills Arson: the willful malicious burning of a home building or vehicle -white collared crimes is defined as any business related act that uses deceased deception or dishonesty to carry out criminal enterprise -business fraud and swindles occur when someone uses his institutional or business position to trick others out of their money Chiseling: using illegal means to cheat an organization its consumers or both on a regular basis inside trading: illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone who has a fiduciary interest in the company some cheese sellers are highly educated professionals who are in position to defraud clients exploitation: forcing victims to pay for services or contracts to which they have a clear right influence peddling: using one's institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which ones coconspirators are not entitled -one of the worst and most notorious cases of influence peddling involves 2 judges who took bribes to put kids in detention -politicians and government officials are not the only ones accused of bribery business has had its share of scandals -another type of white collared crime involves individuals use of their position to embezzle company funds or appropriate company property for themselves Embezzlement: a type of larceny in which someone who is trusted with someone else's personal property fraudulently converts it to his or her own use or for use of others -client fraud involves cheating an organization such as a government agency or insurance company by filing false claims for reimbursement for services provided or conveniently failing to pay what is owed -there are numerous health care schemes including billing for services that were never rendered by using genuine patient information to fabricate entire claims billing for more expensive services or procedures then we're provided or performed performing medically unnecessary services solely for the purpose of generating insurance payments and misinterpreting non covered treatments as medically necessary covered treatment for purpose of obtaining insurance payments corporate crime: powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the law that restrain these institutions from doing social harm or require them to do social good Sherman antitrust act: federal law that subjects to criminal or civil sanctions any person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination of conspiracy and restraint of Interstate commerce price fixing: the illegal control by agreement among producers or manufacturers of the price of a commodity to avoid price competition and derive the consumer of reasonable prices harms perspective: the view that all activities that cause physical financial economic emotional or psychological and cultural harm to individuals and or the environment should be criminalized -the situation is serious because illegal logging can have severe environmental and social impacts including destroying wildlife and damaging its habitats causing ruinous damage to the forest including deforestation and forest degradation worldwide reducing forest cover illegal logging impairs the ability of land to absorb carbon admissions costing billions each year in government revenue creating unsustainable economic deviation in the poorest countries and the substantial revenues from illegal logging funds national and regional conflict -there are numerous problems presented by illegal wildlife export -there have been ongoing efforts to control illegal wildlife importation in the United states Congress has passed numerous laws that regulate and restrict wildlife imports and exports including the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the larceny which protects both plants and wildlife by creating civil and criminal penalties for a wide array of violations criminal environmental pollution: a crime involving the intentional or diligent discharge into the biosystem of a toxic waste that destroys plants or animal life compliance strategies: method of controlling white collared crime that relies on the threat of economic sanction or a civil penalty to control potential violators creating a marketplace incentive to obey the law deterrence strategies: method of controlling white collared crime that rely on the punishment of individual offenders to deter other would be violators