AP Bio Notes Chapter 5

AP BIO NOTES Chapter 5 Dehydration reaction: removes water from… Hydrolysis reaction: adds water Living things are composed of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are polymers Carbohydrates • Sugars and the polymers of sugar • Simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides or simple sugars • Macromolecules are polysaccharides • Mono- have formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O • Glucose (C6H12O6) is most common mono • Monos- are classified by location of carbonyl group and the number of carbons in skeleton • In aqueous solutions any sugars form rings • Mono- serve as a major fuel for cells and raw materials for building molecules • Glycogen=animals • Cellulose=plants • Chitin=exoskeleton of arthropods, structural support for fungi Lipid • Does not include true polymers • Consist mainly of hydrocarbon regions • Important; fats, phospholipids, steroids • Glycerol: 3-carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group • Fatty acids: Carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton • major function of fats is energy storage • Mammals store long long term food in adipose cells • Phospholipid bilayer when added to water • Steroids: carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings • Some proteins speed up chemical reactions • functions include defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, structural support • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions Nucleic Acids • 2 types DNA and RNA • DNA-RNA-protein • Nucleic Acids(NA) are polymers called polynucleotide • Monomers called nucleotides • Each nucleotide has a nitrogenous base , pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups This study source was downloaded by 100000894951602 from CourseHero.com on 10-27-2025 06:52:00 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/45133365/AP-BIO-NOTESdocx/ • • • • • • Nucleoside= nitrogenous base+ sugar Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil Purines: adenine, guanine Nucleotide=nucleoside+phosphate group 5’—— 3’ A-T or U, G-C Chapter 6 Microscopy • Magnification — The ratio of an object’s image • Resolution • Contrast Scanning electronic microscopes (SEM) focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen , providing images Chapter 8 8.1 • Metabolism converts and organism’s matter to energy • A “metabolic pathway” begins with a molecule and ends with a product • Each step is catalyzed by an enzyme • A “catabolic pathway” releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple compounds • EXAMPLE: Cellular respiration, which is the breakdown of glucose • An “anabolic pathway” uses energy to build complex molecules into simple ones • The synthesis of proteins from amino acids Energy • Energy is the capacity to cause change • Kinetic Energy: Energy associated with motion • Thermal Energy: It is kinetic energy that is associated with the movement of atoms or molecules • Heat is thermal energy transfer between objects • Potential Energy: Energy that an object has because of its location • Chemical Energy: It is potential energy that happens as a result of a chemical reaction Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations • An isolated system is unable to exchange energy or matter with its surrounding This study source was downloaded by 100000894951602 from CourseHero.com on 10-27-2025 06:52:00 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/45133365/AP-BIO-NOTESdocx/ • An open system is energy and matter an be transferred between systems and its surrounding • Laws • The First Law is that energy can be transferred or transformed but cant be destroyed or created • Also called law of conservation of energy • 2nd law states that during energy transformation, some of the energy is unusable and lost in the process 8.2 ΔG= The change in free energy=The change of enthalpy ΔH= change in total energy ΔS= change in entropy T=Temp in Kelvin units ΔG=ΔH— TΔS • An organisms’ free energy is energy that can perform when the temperature and pressure are uniform • During a spontaneous change, free energy decreases and the stability of the system increases • An exergonic reaction has a new release of free energy and is spontaneous • An endergonic reaction absorbs free energy and in non spontaneous • Reactions in a closed system eventually reach equilibrium and can then do no work • Cells can not be at equilibrium because they are at constant motion and they are open systems • Metabolism is never at equilibrium 8.3 • Cells do 3 main things, all powered by the hydrolysis of ATP • Chemical work — pushing endergonic reactions • Transport work — pumping substances against the direction of spontaneous movement • Mechanical work — such as contraction of muscle cells • To do work, cells manage energy resources by energy coupling • The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one • Most energy coupling in cells are controlled by ATP • ATP(adenosine triphosphate) — a ribose(sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups • The bonds between the phosphate groups can be broken down through hydrolysis • When energy is released, the last phosphate bond would be broken o make ADP This study source was downloaded by 100000894951602 from CourseHero.com on 10-27-2025 06:52:00 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/45133365/AP-BIO-NOTESdocx/ • ATP drives endergonic reactions by phosphorylation • Transferring a phosphate groups some other molecule, such as a reactant • The recipient molecule is now called a phosphorylated intermediate • ATP hydrolysis leads to change in protein shape and binding ability • The ATP cycle is where energy passes from catabolic to anabolic pathway 8.4 • Catalyst is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction • an Enzyme is an example of a catalytic • Sucrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose • The initial energy that is needed to start a chemical reaction is called activation energy • In catalysis, enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy barrier • The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the substrate • Enzyme binds to the substrate forming an enzyme-substrate complex • While the are bonded, the enzyme converts substrate to product • The active site is the region where the substrate is bound • Competitive inhibitors bind to the active siteof an enzyme, competing with the substrate • Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective • Chapter 9 9.1 This study source was downloaded by 100000894951602 from CourseHero.com on 10-27-2025 06:52:00 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/45133365/AP-BIO-NOTESdocx/ Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)