Understanding Axiology: Human, Social, Cultural, Religious Values

Axicologist Axicology comes from the Greek words axios meaning valuable, valuable, and logos meaning ideas, thoughts, or words that express those ideas and thoughts. Axicology is an ethical system that assesses good and bad actions in terms of value and valuelessness, so it is also called axiological ethics. In practice, the value of an act is determined based on the purpose, intent, and motive of the person performing it. In Greek, the word for purpose or intent is telos. Therefore, axiological ethics is also called theological ethics. The key word in axiology is value or value. In this connection, values can be divided into four types, namely: 1. Human values. Human values arise because humans consist of physical or biological elements, sensory elements, and mind. There are three levels of human value. First, the values that are suitable for man at the level of his physical-biological life. This value is found in living alone, in the things necessary to maintain and sustain life, such as objects and material goods for the house, clothing, eating and drinking and work as a way to earn a living. Second, the values associated with human beings who are sensory beings, thanks to the experience of good and bad, happy and unhappy, and the ups and downs of life. Values suitable for humans as sensory beings include sex, marriage and family, parental authority, and education. Third, the value that is a distinctive human value, namely man as a spiritual, spiritual being. Spiritual values include social values, cultural values, moral and religious values. 2. Social values, are values that pivot on humans as social beings. By nature, man can only attain perfection as a human being by living and relating to others. There are two kinds of social values, namely first, values that are essentially social. These values include family ties, brotherhood, friendship, and love of the motherland. Second, values related to values that support values that are intrinsically social. This value includes creativity, which has an important role to develop and promote life together, social attitudes, such as the willingness to accept each other, acknowledge, appreciate, forgive, forgive, support, develop and encounter between people which is the means and form of human social manifestation. There are values that are absolute and relative. Absolute social values are values that apply to human beings generally. Examples: social awareness and responsibility, initiative, freedom, freedom of expression and communication, and involvement in the economic and political spheres. Relative social values are values that only a particular society sees and lives by. This value is called relative social value, because it supports and is beneficial for developing social values. Examples: tolerance, and being willing to "give in". 3. Cultural values, are the wuju and real of the process of struggle and human contemplation facing the challenges of the times. For humans, cultural values are a tangible form of their efforts to humanize themselves, mastery of nature and the creation of the environment and atmosphere of their lives. Cultural values, as a result of the process of human progress from the past, become a starting point as well as a guide to achieve further cultural values into the future. Cultural values include moral values. Moral values are values that make humans valuable, good and qualified as human beings. Moral values in their manifestation are divided into moral values related to oneself, moral values for others, and moral values for society. 4. Religious values are distinguished from religious values. Religious values emphasize the relationship between man and God, regardless of His name and whatever religion is the container. Religious values are values that exist between man and God that are concretized in a particular religion. Religious values are universal, applicable to all human beings, while religious values are limited to adherents of certain religions.