University:
Kentucky State University
Course:
BIO 301 | Human Anatomy
Academic year:

2024
Views:

68

Pages:

31
Author:

Tarime9wn

Sheet Note #2 The picture before shows a lateral view of the thorax . Mediastinum bounded anteriorly by the sternum and posteriorly by the whole thoracic vertebrae ( T1-T12) and superiorly by the thoracic inlet and inferiorly by the diaphragm (another name for the diaphragm : thoracic outlet ). Remember : between the sternum there is an angle which is called sternal angle . The sternal angle is important clinically , it marks the level between the intervertebral disk between T4/T5. Sheet Note #3 The mediastinum is divided into 2 parts : superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum . The imaginary line divides the mediastinum into 2 compartment The each mediastinum finally divises into 4 divisions of the mediastinum : superior mediastinum , anterior mediastinum , middle mediastinum , posterior mediastinum . Each of these divisions has its borders and contents . The middle mediastinum bounded anteriorly by anterior mediastinum and posteriorly by posterior mediastinum and superiorly by imaginary line and inferiorly by central tendon of diaphragm . These called four descriptive purposes. Sheet Note #4 Pericardium fibro-serous sac . (means fibrous part and serous part) The root of the large vessels * :SVC * superior vena cava, aorta ,*PT * pulmonary trunk / pulmonary artery. Sheet Note #5 In the embryo ( before the heart develop ) it found in front of him a complete fibrous sac which is open . Inside the fibrous sac there is a complete balloon of serous sac . The developing heart in the embryo start to enter within the open fibrous pericardium and invaginating itself within the serous sac .(which is like the lung and pleura ) Later on the heart will be inside the fibrous pericardium and part of the heart it is covered by a layer or part of the serous sac . The part which is covering the heart itself called visceral layer and the part which is outside called parietal layer . The final picture shows the heart after birth . Sheet Note #6 The pericardium form of 2 parts : 1. fibrous pericardium : a conical-shaped, open fibrous sac . It has a base which is attached to central tendon of diaphragm. It has an apex which is attached to the outer surface of the large blood vessels . 2. Serous pericardium : a complete serous sac . It is secreting fluid called lubricating fluid which is spreaded all over the surfaces to allow the organ move easily and soundless and frictionless . Serous pericardium called in histology mesothelium. It composed of two layers : *1 Parietal layer (outer). *2 Visceral layer (inner). Between the 2 layers there is a potential space called pericardial cavity. (potential means no air and no pressure). Pericarditis Peri : around. Cardi: heart. Itis: inflammation. Sheet Note #7 Heart It is a pyramidal-shaped pump /muscular organ. Located inside the middle mediastinum . • The left ventricle form the apex of the heart . • The highest blood pressure in the left ventricle . • The left ventricle is the main chamber of the heart . Sheet Note #8 Since the atriums separated from each other and the ventricles separated from each other the heart is divided into right side and left side . The right side composed of right atrium and right ventricle and containing venous blood .(low pressure side of the heart) The left side composed of left atrium and left ventricle and containing oxygenated blood (arterial blood).(high pressure side of the heart) The heart divided into : venous side (right) arterial side(left ) Sheet Note #9 Overview : The right atrium receives blood from the whole body. It is throw superior vena cava and inferior vena cava) lower heart(and from the heart itself then it will send it through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle then the right ventricle will pump it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery which is divided into right branch and left branch for the lungs for reoxygenation , the blood after reoxygenation it comes to the left atrium throw 4 pulmonary veins (2right , 2 left) brining oxygenated blood from the lungs then the left atrium will send it through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle which will pump it throw that aortic valve throw the aorta then throw the whole body. from heart to whole of body . between heart and lungs . Sheet Note #10 Heart in adult has three borders : 1*Right border fromed by right atrium . * 2left border formed by left ventricle. * 3Inferior border formed by right ventricle . The interior surface of the heart is mainly formed by the right ventricle and minimally by the right atrium. The inferior surface of the heart is over the diaphragm so it’s called diaphragmatic surface, and is mainly formed by the left ventricle and minimally by the right ventricle. So the two ventricles rest on the diaphragm. Sheet Note #11 • Every cell of the body should receive oxygenated blood from the aorta including the heart itself. • The first two branches of the aorta called coronary arteries(R+L ) • The coronary arteries are responsible about supplying the hurt himself with oxygenated blood. • The left coronary artery is larger than the right coronary artery in diameter because it supplies mainly the left high pressure side of the heart(the left ventricle and the left atrium). Sheet Note #12 • We have one coronary vein which called coronary sinus • Sinus mean " dilated structure " • The coronary vein brings the deoxygenated blood from the whole Hart himself then send it to the right atrium. Sheet Note #13 • • • • • The heart from inside is lined by epithelium which called endocardium . Heart have three layers : **Insde # Endocardium **second # Myocardium (Thickest layer( **The final # Epicardium (around heart( • Don’t wait for opportunity, create it ....

Heart and Pericardium

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