University:
Kentucky State University
Course:
BIO 301 | Human Anatomy
Academic year:

2024
Views:

85

Pages:

18
Author:

calidancer42q7j

Lecture Title : Bony Skeleton 21/2/2021 Sheet Note #1 Pre-lecture explanations Our body is formed from minute things (smallest functional and structural unit in our body) – cells. Cells unite to form tissues. Tissues unite to form organs, e.g. stomach, kidney. Organs unite to form systems, e.g. digestive system. Systems unite to form a human being. Tissues: – connective: the hardest part of connective tissues is the bone, the semisolid part is cartilage , the fluid part is plasma. Bones are the hardest tissues in the body. – epithelial – muscular – nervous Bony Skeleton  A calcified connective tissue that serve as storage for calcium and phosphorus.  Act as Levers for muscles to produce movements permitted by joints.  Contain internal soft tissue, Bone Marrow, where blood cells are formed.  Form of 206 bones in adults, connected via spaces called joints. Spring 2021 5 Sheet Note #2 The skeleton provides storage for calcium and phosphorous. Bones contain bone marrow, which is a factory where blood cells are formed, e.g. red blood cells. Adult – 22 years, 70 kg, 170 cm. In the diagram on the right, the blue colour represents the axial skeleton and the yellow colour represents the appendicular/peripheral skeleton. Axial skeleton: ‫الهيكل العظمي المحوري‬ Appendicular skeleton : ‫الهيكل‬ ‫العظمي الطرفي‬ Divisions Two divisions: 1. Axial skeleton (80 bones). 2. Appendicular skeleton (126 bones). • Upper: • Shoulder girdle. • Bones of upper limb. • Lower: • Pelvic girdle. • Bones of lower limb. Spring 2021 7 Sheet Note #3 Axial skeleton is composed of: Skull and its parts, vertebral column (33 vertebrae), cage and its parts – sternum & ribs (12 pairs of ribs: 12 in the right side and 12 in the left). Upper appendicular skeleton Upper appendicular skeleton is composed of: – Bones of the upper limb: humerus, ulna (medial), radius (lateral), wrist bones (carpals), metacarpals and phalanges. Cannot connect themselves directly to the axial skeleton, but connect through a mediator called girdle. Lower appendicular skeleton of the hand. Image – Shoulder girdle: composed of two bones clavicle (anterior) Bonesfound on google. and scapula (posterior). Clavicle and scapula unite bones of the Shapes of bones 1. Long bones. e.g. Humerus 2. Short bones. e.g. Wrist bones 3. Flat bones. e.g. Scapula 4. Irregular bones. eg. Vertebra 5. Sesamoid bones. eg. Patella Spring 2021 9 Sheet Note #4 Shapes of Bones & examples:      Long : humerus, femur, radius and ulna. Short: wrist bones (8 in number arranged in two rows). Flat: scapula, skull, pelvis and ribs( are usually thin and have bone marrow). Irregular: not long, short nor flat. Vertebra. -vertebra: Sesamoid: patella, kneecap singular form -vertebrae: plural Sesamoid form sesame/like so, sesamoid means looks like a sesame seed. Medical language is the universal language, not English. Medical terms are made up of prefix, suffix and word root. Types of bone tissue Classified according to relative amount of solid matrix, number and size of bone marrow cavities. 1. Compact bone • Full with solid matrix (ground between cells). • Designed for weight bearing and support. Spongy bone Compact bone 2. Spongy bone • Full with bone marrow. • Designed for protection and blood cells formation. Spring 2021 11 Sheet Note #5 The solid matrix is the background found between cells.. Bone marrow cavities are abundant in spongy bones but scarce in compact bones. Compact bones are found in arms and legs. Spongy bones found in bone growth areas and skull. Types of Joints Classified according to: The type of connective tissue between the articulating bones. 1. Synovial J. Have a Synovial cavity with lubricating fluid. e.g.. Knee joint. 2. Cartilaginous J. bones held by cartilage. e.g.. Intervertebral Joints. 3. Fibrous J. bones held together by dense irregular CT. e.g.. Sutures of the skull. Spring 2021 13 Sheet Note #6 Bones cannot move on their own. They move by the function of muscles & through spaces called joints. The space between bones is called the joint cavity Synovial joints contain fluid so they can perform free movements, e.g. in elbows and knees ( allow the bones move freely) Cartilaginous joints are semisolid so they can perform restricted movement. They can only move to a certain degree, more and it’ll hurt. Fibrous joints are called so because the bones are held together by dense fibrous tissues (fibrous sutures), e.g. in skull. These are the soft areas in a newborn’s skull and they are not mature (not closed). After 2 years, they will close. They’re important when giving birth. Fig 1 Movements of joints 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Flexion (Fig. 1). Extension (Fig. 1). Adduction (Fig. 2). Abduction (Fig. 2). Medial rotation (Fig. 3). Lateral rotation (Fig. 3). Circumduction (rotation). Spring 2021 Fig 2 Fig 3 15 Sheet Note #7 Circumduction: e.g. throwing a rock somewhere far or a quick movement. Rotating arm in a circle. Image found on google Bone Markings Bone structural features adapted for specific functions. Are: 1. Deposition of bone → building new bone, resulting in raised or roughened areas. Appears in response to pull on bone surfaces by tendons and ligaments. 2. Resorption of bone → dissolving of bone eg. Groove on a surface of a bone caused by pressure. Spring 2021 17 Sheet Note #8 When we are born, our bones are soft. As we grow, muscles pull on the bones therefore aiding in the shaping of bones. Grooves form to allow blood vessels, such as arteries, or nerves to pass through the bone to protect it. Most of the time blood vessels pass through a foramen (opening) or a groove. 1. Bone outgrowths serve as points of attachments for connective tissue. Tubercle → Small, rounded projection. Tuberosity → Large, rounded projection. Facet → Smooth flat surface. Spine → Thorn like process. Process → Projection on bone. Trochanter → Large blunt projection. Protuberance → Bone projection. Crest → Elongated ridge of bone. Line → long, narrow ridge of bone. Condyle → large, round protuberance at the end of a bone.  Epicondyle → prominence above condyle. Spring 2021 Dr. Maher Hadidi, AL Balqa Applied University  Malleolus → Rounded process.           19 2. Grooves and openings, which allow the passage of soft tissues as blood vessels and nerves.  Foramen  Fossa → Shallow depression (trench).  Fissure → Narrow slit between adjacent bones.  Notch → Nick (cut) at edge of a bone.  Sulcus → Groove along a bone surface.  Meatus Spring 2021 → Opening through a bone. → Tube-like opening (passageway). 20

Bony Skeleton

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