University:
Kentucky State University
Course:
BIO 301 | Human Anatomy
Academic year:

2024
Views:

240

Pages:

19
Author:

diamundgalx45p

AORTIC ARCH SYSTEM The major arteries in an early embryo are represented by a pair of vessels THE DORSAL AORTAE, which run with the long axis of the embryo and form the continuation of the endocardial heart tubes. The cranial portion of each dorsal aorta forms an arc on both sides of the foregut, thus establishing the first pair of aortic arch arteries, termed aortic arches 1 Arterial System • Aortic Arches • they run within branchial (pharyngeal) arches • These arteries, the aortic arches, arise from the aortic sac, the most distal part of the truncus arteriosus . • The aortic sac, giving rise to a total of five pairs of arteries. • The pharyngeal arches and their vessels appear in a cranial-to-caudal sequence, so that they are not all present simultaneously. • Consequently, the five arches are numbered I, II, III, IV, and VI . • During further development, this arterial pattern becomes modified, and some vessels regress completely. 2 • Division of the truncus arteriosus by the aorticopulmonary septum divides the outflow channel of the heart into the ventral aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The aortic sac then forms right and left horns, which subsequently give rise to the brachiocephalic artery and the proximal segment of the aortic arch, respectively . 3 The first pair of arteries largely disappears but remnants of them form part of the maxillary arteries, which supply the ears, teeth, and muscles of the eyes and face Derivatives of Second Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Dorsal parts of these arteries persist and form the stems of the small stapedial arteries; these small vessels run through the ring of the stapes, a small bone in the middle ear 4 Derivatives of Third Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Proximal parts of these arteries form THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES Distal parts of these arteries join with the dorsal aortae to form THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES 5 6 Derivatives of Fourth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch • The fourth aortic arch persists on both sides, but its ultimate fate is different on the right and left sides. On the left, it forms part of the arch of the aorta, between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries. On the right, it forms the most proximal segment of the right subclavian artery, the distal part of which is formed by a portion of the right dorsal aorta and the seventh intersegmental artery . 7 1-The proximal part of the arch artery develops from the aortic sac 2- left fourth aortic arch , it forms part of the arch of the aorta, between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries. the distal part is derived from the left dorsal aorta 8 The fifth aortic arch either never forms or forms incompletely and then regresses. The sixth aortic arch also known as the pulmonary arch, gives off an important branch that grows toward the developing lung bud . On the right side, the proximal part becomes the proximal segment of the right pulmonary artery. The distal portion of this arch loses its connection with the dorsal aorta and disappears. On the left, the distal part persists during intrauterine life as THE DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS The proximal part of the artery persists as the 9 proximal part of the left pulmonary artery 10  The vitelline arteries, initially a number of paired vessels supplying the yolk sac Vitelline and Umbilical Arteries  gradually fuse and form the arteries in the dorsal mesentery of the gut  In the adult, they are represented by the celiac and superior mesenteric, arteries.  The inferior mesenteric arteries are derived from the umbilical arteries.  These 3 vessels supply derivatives of 11 the foregut, midgut, and hindgut, respectively The umbilical arteries • The umbilical arteries, initially paired ventral branches of the dorsal aorta, • course to the placenta in close association with the allantois . • During the fourth week, each artery acquires a secondary connection with the dorsal branch of the aorta, the common iliac artery, and loses its earliest origin. 12 Dr. Ductus Arteriosus and Ligamentum Arteriosum  Functional closure of the DA is usually completed 10 to 15 hours after birth.  Anatomical closure of the DA and formation of the ligamentum arteriosum usually occurs by the 12th postnatal week 13 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) a common birth defect, occurs two to three times more frequently in females than in males Functional closure of the PDA usually occurs soon after birth; however, if it remains patent (open), aortic blood is shunted into the pulmonary artery 14 PDA is the most common birth defect associated with maternal rubella infection during early pregnancy. Preterm neonates and those born at high altitude may have PDA; this patency is the result of hypoxia (decrease of oxygen) and immaturity. The embryologic basis of PDA is failure of the DA to involute after birth and form the ligamentum arteriosum 15 Arterial systems associated with the fetal heart During fetal circulation,  oxygenated blood flood from the placenta to the fetus passes through the umbilical vein.  Three vascular shunts develop in the fetal circulation to bypass blood flow around the liver and lungs  The ductus venosus allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the sinusoids of the liver into the inferior vena cava and to the right atrium.  From the right atrium, oxygenated blood flows mostly through the foramen ovale into the left atrium then left ventricle and into the systemic circulation.  The foramen ovale develops during atrial septation to allow oxygenated blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation. Note that this is a right-toleft shunting of blood during fetal life.  During fetal circulation, the superior vena cava drains deoxygenated blood from the upper limbs and head into the right atrium. Most of this blood flow is directed into the right ventricle and into the pulmonary trunk.  The ductus arteriosus opens into the underside of the aorta just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery and shunts this deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta to bypass the pulmonary circulation 16 fetal circulation 17 Circulatory Changes at Birth • During prenatal life, the placental circulation provides the fetus with its oxygen, but after birth, the lungs take on gas exchange. • In the circulatory system, the following changes take place at birth and in the first postnatal months: • (1) the ductus arteriosus closes • (2) the oval foramen closes • (3) the umbilical vein and ductus venosus close and remain as the ligamentum teres hepatis and ligamentum venosum • (4) the umbilical arteries form the medial umbilical ligaments. 18 Ligamentum arteriosum ligamentum venosum ligamentum teres hepatis the umbilical arteries form the medial umbilical ligaments. 19

Arterial System

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