Slides of Anatomy

Slides of Anatomy 1 Medical Language    Most derived from Latin and/ Greek language. Important for clear communication in health sciences. To describe the body clearly and indicate the position of its parts in relative to each other. 2 Spring 2019 Objectives Divide medical words into their basic parts. Find the meaning of basic combining words. Spring 2019 3 Basic word parts  Word Root  Suffix Origin of the word. eg: Gastr = Stomach Word ending. • Gastr / ic Related to. • Gastr / itis Inflammation. • Gastr / ectomy Removal. • ………/ Logy Science. Spring 2019 4 Basic word parts …continued  Prefix • • • •  Epi Hypo Anti A Word beginning. Above Below Against eg: Epi/gastr /ic eg: Hypo/gastr /ic eg: Anti/bio /tic NO eg: A/vascular Combining Vowel A vowel that joins one root to another or to the suffix. [Usually O] eg: • Gastr /o/logy • Gastr /o/intestinal • Gastr /o/ hepatic Spring 2019 5 Anatomical Position Referral position Worldwide constant method in describing a patient, assume he is in that specific position. As if the • Person standing erect. • Facing forward. • Palms turned forward. • Feet by side. Spring 2019 6 Directional Terms To describe the position of one body part relative to another. Term            Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Median Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Spring 2019 Meaning Nearer to front of body Nearer to the back Nearer to the head Nearer to the feet Central line of the body Nearer to the median line Away from median line Nearer to point of origin Away from point of origin Nearer to body surface Away from body surface 7 Body planes/Sections Flat surfaces that pass / cut throughout body levels.     Midsagittal → divide the body into two equal halves. Sagittal → divide body into two parts. Horizontal → divide body into upper part and lower part. Coronal → divide the body into anterior part and posterior part.  Sections → Used in Anatomy, Pathology and Surgery.  Planes → used in Radiology e.g.. CT and MRI. Spring 2019 8 Bony Skeleton     A calcified connective tissue that serve as storage for calcium and phosphorus. Act as Levers for muscles to produce movements permitted by joints. Contain internal soft tissue, Bone Marrow, where blood cells are formed. Form of 206 bones in adults, connected via spaces called joints. Spring 2019 9 Divisions Two divisions: 1. Axial skeleton (80 bones). 2. Appendicular skeleton (126 bones). • Upper:   • Lower:   Spring 2019 Shoulder girdle. Bones of upper limb. Pelvic girdle. Bones of lower limb. 10 Shapes of bones 1. Long bones. e.g. Humerus 2. Short bones. e.g. Wrist bones 3. Flat bones. e.g. Scapula 4. Irregular bones. eg. Vertebra 5. Sesamoid bones. eg. Patella Spring 2019 patella 11 Bone Markings Bone structural features adapted for specific functions. Are: 1. Either (bone deposition) building new bone, resulting in raised or roughened areas. Appears in response to pull (tension) on bone surfaces by tendons, ligaments and fascia on the periosteum. 2. Or (bone resorption) Groove on a surface of a bone caused by pressure. Spring 2019 12 1. Bone outgrowths serve as points of attachments for connective tissue.             Spring 2019 Tubercle → Small, rounded projection. Tuberosity → Large, rounded projection. Facet → Smooth flat surface. Spine → Thornlike process. Process → Projection on bone. Trochanter → Large blunt projection. Protuberance → Bone projection. Crest → Elongated ridge of bone. Line → long, narrow ridge of bone. Condyle → large, round protuberance at the end of a bone. Epicondyle → prominence above condyle. Malleolus → Rounded process. 12 2. Grooves and openings, which allow the passage of soft tissues as blood vessels and nerves.  Foramen Opening through a bone.  Fossa Narrow slit between adjacent bones.  Fissure Shallow depression (trench).  Notch Nick (cut) at edge of a bone.  Sulcus Groove along a bone surface.  Meatus Spring 2019 Tube like opening (passageway). 14 Types of bone tissue Classified according to relative amount of solid matrix, number and size of bone marrow cavities.  Compact bone Spongy bone • Full with solid matrix. • Designed for weight bearing and support.  Spongy bone • Full with bone marrow. • Designed for protection and blood cells formation. Spring 2019 Compact bone 15 Movements of joints 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Flexion (Fig. 1). Extension (Fig. 1). Adduction (Fig. 2). Abduction (Fig. 2). Medial rotation (Fig. 3). Lateral rotation (Fig. 3). Circumduction (rotation). Spring 2019 Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3 16 Types of Joints Classified according to the type of connective tissue between the articulating bones. 1. Synovial J. Contains (Synovial fluid) e.g.. Knee joint. 2. Cartilaginous J. Contains (cartilage) e.g.. Intervertebral Joints. 3. Fibrous Joints. Contains (Fibrous CT) e.g.. Sutures between bones of the skull. Spring 2019 17 Upper Appendicular Skeleton Components:  Shoulder Girdle • Clavicle • Scapula  Anterior Posterior Bones of Upper limb • • • • • • Humerus Radius Lateral Ulna Medial Carpal bones Metacarpals Phalanges Spring 2019 18 Clavicle S-shaped bone, Subcutaneous, the only LONG bone to be ossified by intramembranous ossification. Connecting sternum medially and scapula laterally. The first bone to begin ossification and the last one to complete ossification around 21 years of age. Parts:  2 ends , 2 Surfaces, 2 Borders Spring 2019 19 Scapula Triangular in shape, has: 1. 3 angles. 2. 3 borders. 3. 3 processes. • • Spine (posterior). Acromion= (top of • Coracoid (Raven= Crow + form). ‫يبارغ‬ shoulder). 20 Spring 2019 Scapula 4. 3 Surfaces. • • Anterior. (Subscapular fossa) Posterior 2-parts:   Supraspinous fossa. Infraspinous fossa. Fossa=Shallow cavity. 21 Spring 2019 Scapula- Anterior view   Subscapular fossa (Anterior surface). Glenoid fossa (Glen=Socket): • For articulation with head of humerus to form the shoulder joint. • Lateral angle converted into fossa. Spring 2019 22 Humerus 3 Parts:  Proximal end  Shaft (body)  Distal end Spring 2019 23 Humerus 1. Proximal end Parts: 2. Body Parts: Spring 2019 24 Humerus- Distal end    2 Epicondyles: For muscles attachment. Capitulum: For articulation with radius. Trochlea: For articulation with ulna. Spring 2019 25 Spring 2019 *PS: Please do check it in an Atlas for better differentiation 26