Demography (Part 2)

Demography (Part 2) Population Composition Age and Sex Composition u Age and sex are the most basic characteristics of a population. u Every population has a different age and sex composition— the number and proportion of males and females in each age group— u This structure can have considerable impact on the population’s social and economic situation, both present and future. Population Composition Age and Sex Composition u Populations could be relatively young / developing countries, About 40 % <15 years e.g. Africa.. Jordan . Less than 4% are older groups. u Relatively old populations ( aging), developed countries, more than 10% over 65 years e.g. Europe/ Less than 25% of pop <15 years. Age and Sex Composition u Young and old populations have markedly different age compositions; as a consequence, they also have different proportions of the population in the labor force or in school, as well as different medical needs, consumer preferences, and even crime patterns. Median Age A population’s age structure has a great deal to do with how that population lives. u The median age is the age at which exactly half the population is older and half is younger. u Examples: The median age of the Costa Rican population in 1995 was 23 years. While that in Sweden was 38, signifying an older population. u In 1995, the median age in Jordan, with a young population, was 18. In 2012, median age in Jordan was 20,3 years. In 2017 it became 22 years. Sex Ratio sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a given population, u usually expressed as the number of males for every 100 females. u The u The sex ratio at birth in most countries is about 105 or 106 males per 100 females. u After birth, sex ratios vary because of different patterns of mortality and migration for males and females within the population. Population Pyramid uA population pyramid graphically displays a population’s age and sex composition. u Horizontal bars present the numbers or proportions of males and females in each age group. u The sum of all the age-sex groups in the population pyramid equals 100 percent of the population. Population profiles u Populations of countries can differ markedly as a result of past and current patterns of fertility, mortality, and migration. However, they all tend to fall into three general profiles of age-sex composition. 1. Rapid growth is indicated by a pyramid with a large percentage of people in the younger ages. 2. Zero growth or decreasing is reflected by a pyramid with a smaller proportion of the population in the younger ages. 3. Slow growth populations are shown by roughly equal numbers of people in all age ranges, tapering off gradually at the older ages. Age pattern of Senegal population, 2010 Age pattern of Italy’s population, 2010 Age pattern of US population, 2009 Jordan Population Pyramid JPFHS 2007 Jordan’s Population Pyramid , 2017 From 2007 to 2017 Population change u Population change has three components: births, deaths, and migration. u As people are born, die, or move, their total numbers in an area change. u During most of history, world population increased very slowly, but during the 20th century, this growth has accelerated. How do populations change? change in population size over a given period of time equals the number of people in the population at the beginning of the period plus any births that occur during the period, minus any deaths, plus net migration during the period. uA Calculating population change over time P1+(B-D)+(I-E)= P2 Population change u The change in population size accounted for by more births in the population than deaths is referred to as "natural increase." u The term "natural decrease" refers to population decline resulting from more deaths than births. Rate of Natural Increase u The rate of natural increase is the rate at which a population is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year due to a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths, expressed as a percentage of the base population. u Net migration is the number of immigrants minus emigrants. Growth Rate u The growth rate is the rate at which a population is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year due to natural increase and net migration, expressed as a percentage of the base population. u The growth rate takes into account all components of population growth: births, deaths, and migration. u It equals ( births – deaths )+_ net migration/ total population X K ( 100). u It should never be confused with the birth rate, but it sometimes is. The Demographic Transition u The demographic transition refers to the change that populations undergo from high rates of births and deaths to low rates of births and deaths. u High levels of births and deaths kept most populations from growing rapidly throughout most of time. The Demographic Transition u The decline in mortality usually precedes the decline in fertility, resulting in population growth during the transition period. Population policies u National population commissions were formed in different countries u They formulated national population policies and action plans u One major component of the action plan deals with reproductive health u Reproductive health in the context of population includes reproductive rights, sexuality, family planning, reproductive morbidity, violence against women, gender based differences, male involvement in reproductive health. Selected Indicators of Jordan u Jordan Population and Family Health Survey (JPFHS), 2017/2018 Total population 10,234,315 by September 7, 2018 (including 3 million non Jordanian residents) Population Growth Rate (%) Rate of natural increase (%) Population Doubling time (year ) Population less than 15 years (%) 2.2 2.1 31.5 34.4 Population Age 15-65 years (%) 61.9 Population Age 65+ years(% ) 3.7 Dependency ratio 63.5 Urban population (%) 90.3 Rural population (%) 9.7 Life Expectancy at birth (year) 73.5 Male Female 72.8 74.3 Total fertility rate (Women 15-49 years ) 2.7 Urban 2.7 Rural 3.1 General Fertility Rate (women 15-44) 90 Sex ratio 112.5 (Number of males/100 females)