Genetics Analysis

Law of segregation mdependent Segnation: orpeatad anto naploid (1 from mom idad) • Independent Assortment: it shaler that allotes of two or more different genes cars vad Chapter 2 Analysis MENDEL'S WORK Mutations: are changes in the DNA sequencing that can either detrimental, adreniagoul or no change to the hortiable traits. Phenotype an observable tratt or character or behavior Genotype: biallelic condition 'ha' that fuences the viewabre phenotype WIIDTYPE IS MUTANT: Wildtype. most common form of a traft. Mutant: the abnormal form of a trait, Plineage Parental straine involved in a cross AA x da F, ganeration: Lel set of offspring from mating Plineage. Alzaa Aa Using Generic Diccoveny Ps generation: 2nd set of olfering from mating F, generation / AA, Iz An, Yu ad pure breeding: identical bi parantalatieres homozygour: AA or as 1. Amast mutants affecting the trait. Helerarygouts: di Plevent biparental averez Aa 2. Corss (mate) mutantinelvidugie to wild type to see if the ratio Dominant a trait that phenotypically appears heterozygote Aa looks like A. of desandents .Deduce the function of the gene on a molecular level. Recesse trait phenotypically 4. beduce how the gene interacts with other gener to produce the trait in question. mportant nove mendeldid this with homer and peds bisex ραής disproved "prending" MONOHYBRID Cross (one trust/allete) PF, F2 Picross mating the F. Cross mating the gen F₁ Generation How do you know a dominant phenotype is: Aa or AA? using a homozygous recessive (aa) to cross each one. by deducting the ratio of the offspring you will know what the parent is. A x aa = Aa A a A a a Aa aa Aa aa phenotypic ratio: 1:1 (same amount of heterozygous and homozygous recessive) OR A a A A a Aa AA Aa AA phenotypic ratio: 4:0 Aa all are heterozygous dominant (dominant phenotype) F₂ Generation Some terminology to know from this test cross = homozygous recessive aa to determinant a phenotypically dominant individual is Aa or AA. Percentage, frequency & ratios = all 3 types of ways to describe crossed offspring. ex: percentage of 1st: 50% 60% frequency of 1st: 5 or 1/2 ratios: 1:1 (not 2:2 bc it is the most simplified results) OR phenotypic ratio: 4 100%. Aa and A haplosufficient: in a heterozygous state only one of two alleles is necessary to produce enough gene product (Aa looks like A bc one gene is enough) haploinsufficient: any condition where a single allele is not sufficient to produce enough function protein (need both alleles to be seen) Dominance is not just one phenotype (invariant) ex: ABO blood type dominance can change depending on the situation. if a tester is lacking you also mate self of heterozygotes. (Aa x Aa) 3:1 phenotypic ratio 1:2:1 genotypic ratio