Abnormal Psychology Study Guide Exam 1 Overview 2

7.Why do we talk about autism spectrum disorder as opposed to many separate disorders? 8. Explain characteristics of autism spectrum disorders. - A neurodevelopmental disorder involving impairments in social communication (main symptom), and the presence of either restricted, repetitive behaviors (wiggling fingers a lot) or intense, unusual interest ○ Biologically based, mostly happens during pregnancy ○ Not clear if it is sex-linked - More common among boys than girls * - Four disorders previously considered to be separate are now single condition with differing levels of severity ○ Autistic disorder ○ Asperger's disorders § Deep interests § Repetitive pattern (eating same food) § Can't understand others perspectives § Physically clumsy, impaired social interactions, ○ Childhood disintegrative disorder ○ Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)* 9.Whatarethemostimportanttheoriesexplainingautismspectrumdisorders? Evidence pointing to patterns of familial inheritance supports the theory that autism spectrum disorder is biologically caused. •Chromosomal abnormalities •Structural brain abnormalities •Functional brain abnormalities 10.DescribeRettsyndrome. Deceleration of head growth and some of the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. The syndrome occurs almost exclusively in females and can be used as a specifier for autism spectrum disorder 11.Whatishighfunctioningautismspectrumdisorder? •Autistic disorder •Asperger’s disorder •Childhood disintegrative disorder: acquired skills lost •Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) 12.Whatarethemostimportantlearningdisorders?Describethem •Dyscalculia: Specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics •Dysgraphia: Specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression •Dyslexia: Specific learning disorder with impairment in reading 13.Describecommunicationdisorders. Conditions involving impairment in language, speech, and communication. Language disorder: •Do not have the ability to express themselves in ways appropriate to their age and developmental level. •They use limited and faulty vocabulary and speak in short sentences with simplified grammatical structures, omitting critical words or phrases. Speech sound disorder: substitutes, omits, or incorrectly articulates speech sounds. Childhoodonset fluency disorder (stuttering):unable to produce fluent speech.Social (pragmatic) communication disorder: has deficits in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication. 14.ExplaincharacteristicsofADHD. -Characterized by attentional problems or impulsive, hyperactive behaviors atypical for the child’s age and developmental level -Subtypes – combined type, predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive -Must show SIX OR MORE symptoms in either category (inattention & hyperactivity/impulsivity) -Some symptoms prior to age 12 -Must cause impairment in two or more settings -Clear evidence of significant impairment in daily functioning 15.WhatarethemostimportantsymptomsofADHDinadults? - Symptoms of inattentiveness - Deficits in executive functioning ^ Make careless mistakes - Men in particular are at higher risk of having vehicular accidents - Serious problems in relationships - Greater risk of engage in deviant or antisocial behavior - Can be comorbid; can tie in with specific learning disorder 16.WhatdoweknowaboutthecausesofADHD? - Genetic predisposition - Abnormal brain development, especially in the prefrontal cortex ^ Responsible for executive functions § Tells you when to not do something or when to do something - Functional and structural abnormalities in the brain arising from: ^ Birth complications, acquired brain damage, exposure to toxic substances, infectious disease 17.WhatkindsoftreatmentsareavailableforADHD? MEDICAL Medication Stimulants (Ritalin, Concerta, Adderall), Antidepressants (Wellbutrin, Cylert, Strattera) Side effects: Sleep disturbances, Decreased appetite, Uncontrollable body twitches/verbalizations, Temporary growth suppression , Long-term effects of stimulant use unknown PSYCHOSOCIAL Psychoeducation Parent education/parent behavior training Individual Psychotherapy (CBT) Behavioral and self-management training Marital/family/career/group counseling Technology School and workplace accommodations 18.Describedevelopmentalcoordinationdisorder. Primary form of motor disorder: developmental coordination disorder. •Symptoms: marked impairment in their abilities to coordinate the movements of their hands and feet. 19.Whatisatic? •Motor tics include eye blinking, facial twitches, and shoulder shrugging. •Vocal tics include coughing, grunting, snorting, coprolalia (the uttering of obscenities), and tongue clicking. 20.DescribeTourette’sdisorder. - Tourette's disorder is perhaps the most well-known of the tic disorders, affecting approximately 1% of children ^ experience a combination of chronic movement and vocal tics ^ Usually a lifelong condition ^ Onset usually in childhood or adolescence ^ Biologically based; used to be called the ID impulses = not helpful 21.Describethestereotypicmovementdisorder. Waving, body rocking, head-banging, self-biting, and picking at their bodies. Chapter6–SchizophreniaSpectrumanOtherPsychoticDisorders 1.Describethekeyfeaturesofotherpsychoticdisorders. Includes a set of disorders Distorted perception of reality Impairment in thinking behavior affect and motivation 2.Explainthecharacteristicsofschizophrenia. Disturbances in Content of thought Form of thought Perception Affect Sense of self Motivation Behavior Interpersonal functioning 3.Definedelusions A deeply entrenched false belief that not consistent with the client’s intelligence or cultural background.•Several types of delusions can be experienced by people with this disorder. 4.Describegrandeur,control,reference,persecution,self-blame,somatic,infidelity, thoughtbroadcasting,andthoughtinsertiondelusions. Grandeur: A grossly exaggerated conception of the individual's own importance. Such delusions range from beliefs that the person has an important role in society to the belief that the person is actually Christ, Napoleon, or Hitler. Control: The feeling that one is being controlled by others, or even by machines or appliances. For example, a man may believe that his actions are being controlled by the radio, which is "forcing" him to perform certain actions against his will Reference: The belief that the behavior of others or certain objects or events are personally referring to oneself. For example, a woman believes that a soap opera is really telling the story of her life, or a man believes that the sale items at a local food market are targeted at his own particular dietary deficiencies. Persecution:The belief that another person or persons are trying to inflict harm on the individual or on that individual's family or social group. For example, a woman feels that an organized group of politically liberal individuals is attempting to destroy the right wing political organization to which she belongs. Self-blame: Feelings of remorse without justification. A man holds himself responsible for a famine in Africa because of certain kind or sinful actions that he believes he has committed Somatic: Inappropriate concerns about one's body, typically related to a disease. For example, without any justification, a woman believes she has brain cancer. Adding an even more bizarre note, she believes that ants have invaded her head and are eating away at her brain. Infidelity: A false belief usually associated with pathological jealousy Involving the notion that one's lover is being unfaithful. A man lashes out in violent rage at his wife, insisting that she is having an affair with the mailman because of her eagerness for the mail to arrive each day. Thought broadcasting:The idea that one's thoughts are being broadcast to others. A man believes that everyone else in the room can hear what he is thinking, or possibly that his thoughts are actually being carried over the airwaves on television or radio. Thought insertion: The belief that outside forces are inserting thoughts into one's mind. For example, a woman concludes that her thoughts are not her own, but that they are being placed there to control her or upset her 5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenhallucinationsanddelusions? Hallucinations: False perceptions that do not correspond to the objective stimuli present in the environment. •People may suffer from hallucinations in several sensory modalities, including vision, hearing, smell, and touch Delusion: A deeply entrenched false belief that not consistent with the client’s intelligence or cultural background. 6.Whatdowemeanbydisorganizedspeech? incomprehensible and incoherent •The thought process underlying this type of speech reflects loosening of associations. 7.Defineinappropriateeffect. is the extent to which a person’s emotional expressiveness fails to correspond to the content of what is being discussed. 8.Whatdowemeanbypositiveandnegativesymptoms?Describethemostimportant positiveandnegativesymptoms. POSITIVE:Exaggerations or distortions of normal thoughts, emotions, and behavior activated dopamine levels Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Disturbed or catatonic behavior NEGATIVE Symptoms that involve functioning below the level of normal behavior abnormalities in brain structure Restricted affect Avolition Asociality 10.Definerestrictedaffect,avolition,andasociality. Restricted affect: Narrow range of emotional expressions •Avolition: decrease in the motivation to initiate and perform self directed purposeful activities •Asociality:lack of motivation to engage in social interaction 11.Whatiscatatonia? marked psychomotor disturbances •Decreased, excessive or peculiar motor activity•Not a response to the person’s environment •E.g. holding odd, rigid poses or inability to speak or move 12.Identifythetheoriesofthecausesofschizophrenia. 13.Whatistheprimarybiologicaltreatmentofschizophrenia?(youdon’thavetoknow thenamesofthemedications) First-generation antipsychotics (conventional/typical) – reduce dopamine levels Chlorpromazine/Thorazine or haloperidol/Haldol) Side effects – rigidity, persistent muscle spasms, tremors, restlessness Still viewed as effective treatments Atypical antipsychotics – act on both dopamine and serotonin Risperidone/Risperdol, olanzapine/Zyprexa, quetiapine/Seroquel, aripiprazole/Abilify, and lurasidone/Latuda Less side effects 14.Describethepsychologicaltreatmentsofschizophrenia. Best approach: a combination of antipsychotic medication and psychotherapy Psychosocial Therapy – focuses on direct teaching of social skills, including conversational skills through role-play Inpatient: goal is to achieve independent living Milieu therapy Behavioral therapy Psychosocial skills training Reinforcement and modeling Community homes to assist with transition 15.Whatarethesideeffectsofantipsychoticmedications? Extrapyramidal symptoms: Parkinsonism Dystonia Akathisia Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Tardive dyskinesia Metabolic syndrome Other: loss of facial expressions, shuffling gait, tremors of the hand, rigidity of the body, poor balance 16.Definebriefpsychoticdisorder. Individual develops symptoms of psychosis that are present for more than a day, but recover in less than a month. •Circumstances: catastrophe, death of a loved one Symptoms: must have at least one •Delusions •Hallucinations •Disorganized speech •Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior 17.Describeschizophreniformdisorder. •Essentially the same symptoms as schizophrenia •Lasts from 1 to 6 months •If symptoms present for more than 6 months, schizophrenia diagnosis is considered 18.Describeschizoaffectivedisorder. Schizophrenia with co occurring mood disorder •Major depressive episode, a manic episode, or a mixed episode •There has to be a 2 week period with psychotic, but not mood disorder symptoms •Majority of time: mood episode and schizophrenia symptoms 19.Whatisadelusionaldisorder? Only symptoms are delusions that last for at least one month•Can function•Don’t seem off except when talking about their delusion 20.Describetheerotomanictypeofdelusionaldisorder. Erotomania is a delusional belief that a person is in love with the affected individual, despite contrary evidence. Erotomania is an uncommon form of paranoid delusion. The affected person strongly believes that another individual is in love with him or her Chapter7–DepressiveandBipolarDisorders 1.Definedepressivedisorders. A disorder that involves periods of symptoms in which an individual experiences an unusually intense sad mood 2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofamajordepressiveepisode? Involves acute but time-limited periods of depressive symptoms that are called major depressive episodes Major depressive episodes: A period in which the individual experiences intense psychological and physical symptoms accompanying feeling of overwhelming sadness 3.Explainthekeyfeaturesofmajordepressivedisorder. Major depressive episodes: A period in which the individual experiences intense psychological and physical symptoms accompanying feeling of overwhelming sadness KEY FEATURES For most of the time during 2-week period, a person experiences at least five or more of the first nine symptoms in addition to the last two. He or she must experience a change grom previous functioning and at least one of the first two symptoms must be present. During this 2 week period, most of these symptoms mybe be present nearly every day -Depresed mood most of the day •Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or most daily activities •Significant unintended weight loss or unusual increase or decrease in appetite •Insomnia or hypersomnia •Psychomotor agitation or retardation observable by others •Fatigue or loss of energy •Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt •Difficulty maintaining concentration or making decisions •Recurrent thoughts of death or having suicidal thoughts, plans, or attempts •The symptoms are not attributable to a medical condition or use of a substance •The symptoms cause significant distress or impairment 4.Whatisthedifferencebetweenmajordepressivedisorderandpersistentdepressive disorder? Major depressive disorder -Single episode Recurrent: two or more major depressive episodes within two consecutive months Persistent depressive disorder A depressive disorder involving chronic depression of less intensity than major depressive disorder 5.Describethemaincharacteristicsofdisruptivemooddysregulationdisorder.Whocan getthediagnosis? A depressive disorder in children (6-18 year old) Symptoms: chronic and severe irritability and have frequent temper outburst 6.Whatarethesymptomsofpremenstrualdysphoricdisorder? Symptoms during the premenstrual phase that subside after the menstrual period begins for most of the cycles of the preceding year Symptoms: -Depressed mood or changes in mood -Irritability -Dysphoria -Anxiety 7.Whatisthemostimportantfeatureofbipolarandcyclothymicdisorders? Alterations in mood 8.CompareandcontrastbipolarI,bipolarII,andcyclothymicdisorders. Bipolar 1- one or more manic episodes, and possibility of major depressive episodes Bipolar 2- One or more major depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode 9.Definehypomania. A mild form of mania 10.Whatarethebiologicalexplanationfordepressiveandbipolardisorders? Depression Neurotransmitters:Low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine Hereditary Short allele of serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) Cortisol and stress Functional and anatomical brain changes Circadian Rhythm Disturbances Bipolar Complex genetic basis involving interactions among multiple genes Several genes influenced by lithium Genes influence circadian cycle Neurological abnormalities (dysregulation model) SSRIs and stimulants Hormonal influences 11.Whatkindsofmedicationsareprescribedfordepressiveandbipolardisorders?(you don’thavetoknowthenamesofthemedications) Medication: -Antidepressants increase availability of certain neurotransmitters -Tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) -Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) -Atypical antidepressants -Circadian-related treatments 12.Whataresomealternativebiologicaltreatmentsofdepressiveandbipolardisorders? Sleep deprivation followed by sleep recovery Light therapy Brain stimulation techniques for severe or chronic treatment-resistant depression 13.Howcanbehavioraltherapyhelpdepressivedisorders? 14.Whatdowemeanbycognitivetriad? 15.Howcancognitivetherapyhelpdepressivedisorders? 16.Definesuicidalbehavior. Fatal self-inflicted destructive act with explicit or inferred intent to die -Not a diagnosable disorder Chapter8 1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenfearandananxiety? Anxiety: A future-oriented response which involves a sense of dread about what might happen to you in the future Fear: Innage alarm response to a dangerous or life threatening situation 2.Whatisthekeyfeatureofanxietydisorders? People go great lengths to avoid situations that provoke anxiety Unable to put themselves into these situations Can't work, enjoy activities, or engage in social activities 3.Describeseparationanxietydisorder. Characterized by intense and inappropriate anxiety concerning separation from home, caregivers, or someone to whom they are emotionally attached 4.Howdowetreatseparationanxietydisorder? Systematic desensitization Prolonged exposure Modeling Contingency management Self management Intense CBT: 1 week camp 5.Defineselectivemutism. A disorder origination in childhood in which the individual consciously refuses to talk (capable of using normal language, but they become almost completely silent under certain circumstances) 6.Whatarethemostpromisingtreatmentsforselectivemutism? Behavioral therapy: seem to respond well Contingency management: receive reward if they engage the desired behavior Shaping plus exposure therapy: Starting with the utterances 7.Describetheoriesspecificphobias. Phobia: An irrational fear associated with a particular object or situation Specific phobia: An irrational and continuous fear of a particular object, activity, or situation 8.Whatarethemostimportantbehaviortreatmentsforspecificphobias? Symptom management 9.Describeinvivoandimaginalflooding. In vivo- exposed to real feared situation Imaginal flooding: imagining being exposed 10.Whatisexposuretherapy?Howcanitbecarriedoutusingvirtualreality? First expose herself to situation that cause little anxiety, then to ones that cause more 11.Whatarethesymptomsofsocialanxietydisorder? Characterized by intense, fear of anxiety of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others -not fear from other perse 12.Describetheoriesandtreatmentsofsocialanxietydisorder. Partly heritable: intense shyness and neuroticism Developmental: Adolescence ability to think about what others think about the individual Cognitive: Inability to gain realistic perspective what others think TREATMENT Need to be exposed to the situation (virtual is not enough) Motivational interviewing, acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness/mediation 13.Definepanicdisorderandpanicattack. Panic Attack: Pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate Sweating, trembling or shakin Shortness of breath, chest pain, or discomfort Nauseas or abdominal distress Feeling dizzy, unsteady, light headed or faint Chills or heat sensations Numbness or tingling sensations Fear of losing control or going crazy Fear of dying Panic Disorder: Periods of intense physical discomfort, known as panic attacks Constant apprehension and worry about the possibility of recurring attacks Prevalence: 20 percent or more of adults samples Avoidant behavior Panic disorder is often associated with agoraphobia 14.Whatarethesymptomsofagoraphobia? Intense anxiety triggered by the real or anticipated exposure to situations in which they may be unable to get help should they become incapacitated 15.Whatarethetreatmentsofpanicdisorderandagoraphobia Relaxation training Panic control therapy: breathing training and cognitive restructuring