Plate Tectonics Study Guide

TOPIC 4.1 Plate Tectonics KEY Unit 4: Earth Systems and Resources ENDURING UNDERSTANDING ​ERT-4​ Earth’s systems interact, resulting in a state of balance over time LEARNING OBJECTIVE ERT-4.A ​Describe the geological changes and events that occur at convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries. Draw arrows showing the direction plates move in relation to each other for each type of boundary. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ERT-4.A.1​ Convergent boundaries can result in the creation of mountains, island arcs, earthquakes, and volcanoes. ERT-4.A.2​ Divergent boundaries can result in seafloor spreading, rift valleys, volcanoes, and earthquakes. ERT-4.A.3​ Transform boundaries can result in earthquakes. ERT-4.A.4​ Maps that show the global distribution of plate boundaries can be used to determine the location of volcanoes, island arcs, earthquakes, hot spots, and faults. ERT-4.A.5​ An earthquake occurs when stress overcomes a locked fault, releasing stored energy Choose a color for each: ❏ Mountains forming ❏ Earthquakes ❏ Volcanoes ❏ Rift valleys ❏ Island arcs Look at the plate boundaries on, and off the coast of this land mass. With your color code, mark the locations you would expect to find each type of event (some will be used multiple times!). Drawings will vary Mountains by convergent, Earthquakes by all, Volcanoes by divergent and convergent, Rift valleys by divergent, and island arcs by convergent Science of Curiosity Unit 4: Earth Systems and Resources TOPIC 4.4 Earth’s Atmosphere ENDURING UNDERSTANDING ​ERT-4 ​Earth’s systems interact, resulting in a state of balance over time. LEARNING OBJECTIVE ERT-4.D​ Describe the structure and composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ​ERT-4.D.1 The atmosphere is made up of major gases, each with its own relative abundance. ERT-4.D.2​ The layers of the atmosphere are based on temperature gradients and include the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. What percent of Earth’s atmosphere is made up of each gas? Carbon Dioxide _______ 0.04% Nitrogen 78% _______ 21% Oxygen _______ 0-3% varies greatly Water Vapor _______ pie chart! 1% Argon _______ Create a pie chart with these values in the circle. . Put the layers of the atmosphere in the right order in the column to the left. exosphere thermosphere mesosphere stratosphere troposphere Which two layers increase in temperature as altitude increases? The stratosphere and the thermosphere Which two layers decrease in temperature as altitude increases? troposphere and mesosphere Which layer is the hottest? ___________________ Why is it so hot? thermosphere Solar rays (ultra violet, visible light, and gamma radiation) are absorbed by the thermosphere, shielding the Earth troposphere Why? Which layer is the most dense? ____________ Gravity is highest closest to earth's surface as the weight of all other layers presses down on it. Which layer contains the ozone layer? stratosphere ____________ What does it do? The ozone layer absorbs Ultra Violet radiation from the sun. This protects life, which is harmed by UV rays. Science of Curiosity KEY Unit 6: Energy Resources and Consumption TOPIC 6.1 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources ENDURING UNDERSTANDING ENG-3 Humans use energy from a variety of sources, resulting in positive and negative consequences. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Listed here are the types of energy resources we will learn about in this Unit. Circle the form(s) of energy that are renewable. ENG-3.A Identify In the space to the right, jot down as many things that you already know about each type of energy resource (at least two). differences According to figures available in 2019 from Our World in Data, about 50 Fossil Fuels between years for oil and natural gas, and 100 for coal. nonrenewable and renewable energy According to the Scientific American article, current supply at current rates Nuclear Power sources. gives 200 years, but new tech could extend to tens of thousands of years. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENG-3.A.1 Nonrenewable energy sources are those that exist in a fixed amount and involve energy transformation that cannot be easily replaced. ENG-3.A.2 Renewable energy sources are those that can be replenished naturally, at or near the rate of consumption, and reused. Energy from Biomass This page is designed to be an introduction to the unit, where students can prime their thinking about each form of energy by writing out what they already know about them. Solar Energy Hydroelectric Power Geothermal Energy Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wind Energy ● ● Put a star beside the resource that is most relied upon world wide. For each nonrenewable resource, look up how many years remain until it runs out (at current rate of consumption). Include it in the table above. What happens when the nonrenewable resources run out? ________________________________________________ they are gone! forever! Any technology or service that requires them will no longer be functional. Science of Curiosity Unit 6: Energy Resources and Consumption TOPIC 6.2 Global Energy Consumption ENDURING UNDERSTANDING ENG-3 Humans use energy from a variety of sources, resulting in positive and negative consequences LEARNING OBJECTIVE ENG-3.B Describe trends in energy consumption. What type of energy was used the most during the preindustrial era? wood (biomass) and animals Nuclear - 4% Renewables - 11% Natural Gas - 24% Coal - 27% Oil - 34% source: Teal Energy Deal tinyurl.com/smcnhv9 ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENG-3.B.1 The use of energy resources is not evenly distributed between developed and developing countries. Which type of energy was used the most during the industrial era? ENG-3.B.2 The most widely used sources of energy globally are fossil fuels. Developing countries become (more / less) dependant on fossil fuels as they develop. Why? ENG-3.B.3 As developing countries become more developed, their reliance on fossil fuels for energy increases. Of those four categories, what type of energy will humans be using less of in the next 50 years? Why? coal Create a pie chart of the world’s current energy consumption of these forms of energy: renewable energy, coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear Developing countries begin to adopt new technologies that run on fossil fuels, requiring more use of fossil fuels. Less fossil fuels! We are running out, and some research shows they are driving climate change, so renewable clean energy sources will be increasing as fossil fuel use decreases. What is OPEC? How does it influence the world’s oil supply? ENG-3.B.4 As the world becomes more industrialized, the demand for energy increases. ENG-3.B.5 Availability, price, and governmental regulations influence which energy sources people use and how they use them. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - controls over 80% of the world's oil, coordinates the production and sale, and prices of oil to the world. During the energy crisis of 1973, energy consumption (increased / decreased). Why? Oil was scarce, and more expensive, which forced people to use less. What caused the energy crisis? OPEC issued an embargo and stopped selling oil to the United States. Describe one specific way the United States responded (changed) to alleviate the energy crisis. There are many - US citizens were educated in energy conservation and encouraged to conserve. Less gas available and higher prices forced people to use less. US Government put forth CAFE standards to increase efficiency of cars. US Government created the Strategic Petroleum Reserve to stockpile oil in case of emergencies. Science of Curiosity