2.001 - MECHANICS AND MATERIALS I Lecture # 13 10/25/2006 Recall from last time: σxx [σ ] = σyx σzx σxy σyy σzy Diagonal terms are normal stresses. Oﬀ diagonal terms are shear stresses. Not as bad as it seems: 1. Linearity 2. Superposition EXAMPLE: Uniaxial Stress 1 σxz σyz σzz . σ 0 [σ ] = 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 EXAMPLE: Hydrostatic Stress −p 0 0 [σ ] = 0 −p 0 0 0 −p . Note: p is negative (compressive stresses are negative by convention) EXAMPLE: Plane Stress σa [σ ] = τ 0 2 τ σb 0 0 0 0 . EXAMPLE: Biaxial Plane Stress σa [σ ] = 0 0 0 σb 0 0 0 0 . EXAMPLE: Shear Plane Stress 0 [σ ] = τ 0 τ 0 0 0 0 0 . Note: The stress at a material point that you see, and its magnitude, depends on the orientation of the coordinates relative to your loading. In other words: the state of stress is a function of the chosen coordinate system. 3 This is called a ”stress transformation” Equilibrium: −σxx dydz + (σx x + Fx = 0 ∂σyx ∂σxx dxdydz = 0 dx)dydz − σyx dxdz + (σyx ∂x ∂y So: ∂σxy ∂σxx + ∂x ∂y Fy = 0 ∂σyy ∂σxy + ∂y ∂x M (σxy + ∂σxy dx dx dy ∂σyx dy dx) dydz +σxy dydz −σyx dxdz −(σyx + dy)dxdz =0 ∂x 2 2 2 ∂y 2 σxy − σyx + ∂σxy dx ∂σyx dy − =0 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 For dx, dy → 0: σxy = σyx This shows that the stress tensor (σ) is symmetric. This was derived in plane stress (2-D) but it can be extended to 3-D. Here are the results: 4 σxy = σyx σyz = σzy σxz = σzx So: σxx σxy [σ ] = σyx σyy σzx σzy σxz σyz σzz . Note: 6 independent stress terms due to equilibrium. The stress tensor is symmetric. Strain: Uniaxial: du(x) dx δ = L (x) = 5 u(x, y, z) = ux (x, y, z)î + uy (x, y, z)ĵ + uz (x, y, z)k̂ Case 1: u(x, y, z) = aî No strain. Rigid body translation. Case 2: u9x, y, z) = aî + bĵ No strain. Rigid body translation. Case 3: 6 Isotropic Deformation: Stentches evenly so this is linear. u(x, y, z) = δx ˆ i L dux δ = dx L Deﬁne: xx = dux , Normal Strain (x face in x direction) dx Case 4: u(x, y, z) = a+ δ x î L dux δ = dx L Note: Rigid body translation does not eﬀect the strain. xx = Case 5: 7 δ y ĵ L duy δ = = dy L u(x, y, z) = yy Case 6: δ1 δ2 xî + y ĵ L L dux δ1 = = dx L duy δ2 = = dy L u(x, y, z) = xx yy Case 7: Shear Strain u(x, y, z) = δ y ĵ L ∂ux δ = = tan θ ≈ θ ∂y L 8 Deﬁne: γxy = θ u(x, y, z) = δ xĵ L δ ∂uy (x) = =θ ∂x L γyx = θ γyx = dux duy + dy dx Deﬁne: xy = yx 1 ∂ux ∂uy = + 2 ∂y ∂x 9

Lecture 13 Notes: Multiaxial Stress and Strain

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