Introductory Microbiology Flashcards Easy Notecards

front 1 All of the following are associated with nucleic acid structure EXCEPT back 1 ionic bonds front 2 Which of the following is found at the 5" end of a DNA strand? back 2 a phosphate group front 3 The bacterial chromosome is back 3 both circular and found in a nucleoid front 4 Which of the following types of plasmids allows a bacterial cell to kill its competitors? back 4 bacterioncin factors front 5 Which of the following is NOT involved in the packaging of eukaryotic chromosomes? back 5 Okazaki fragments front 6 Which of the following statements is true of bacterial plasmids? back 6 they are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate autonomously front 7 The process indicated by the arrow in Fig 7.1 represents? back 7 lagging strand synthesis front 8 back 8 Which of the the following statements concerning transcription in bacteria is FALSE? The same RNA polymerase transcribes primer RNA, mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. front 9 Which of the following is involved in translation? back 9 mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA are all involved front 10 Which of the following is a characteristic shared by DNA and RNA polymerase? back 10 direction of polymerization front 11 Typical eukaryotic genomes are composed of ______ DNA molecules. back 11 multiple linear front 12 A codon is a particular combination of three nucleotides. Therefore, there are _____ possible combinations of the nucleotides A, C, G, and T. back 12 64 front 13 The AUG codon functions in coding for the amino acid methionine and as a back 13 start signal front 14 Which of the following regulatory RNAs alter translation in response to environmental conditions? back 14 riboswitches front 15 During elongation a charged tRNA first enters the ribosomal ______ site and then moves into the _____ site. front 16 A wild-type organism and a genetic variant both have a gene encoding a receptor producing a chemotactic response to metabolite A. The genetic variant has a mutation in a regulatory gene for expression of the receptor. Which of the following statements with respect to the receptor is CORRECT? back 15 A, P back 16 The organisms have the same receptor genotype but different phenotypes. front 17 Semiconservative DNA replication means that back 17 each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one original strand and one new strand front 18 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Okazaki fragments? back 18 They are longer in eukaryotic cells front 19 DNA replication and RNA transcription have many features in common. Which of the following does NOT occur in both processes? back 19 a requirement for a primer front 20 Which of the following processes is involved in the "central dogma" of genetic? back 20 transcription and translation front 21 Inducible operons back 21 usually require an activator to be transcribed front 22 Which of the following are considered to be frameshift mutations? back 22 both deletions and insertions front 23 If the codon AAA is changed to AAG, it still codes for the amino acid lysine; this is an example of a back 23 silent mutation front 24 Which of the following causes mutations by creating thymine dimers? back 24 ultraviolet light front 25 DNA damage caused by ethidium bromide results in _______ mutations. back 25 both insertion and deletion front 26 Which of the following is a DNA repair enzyme activated by visible light? back 26 DNA photolyase front 27 The Ames test demonstrates that a chemical is back 27 mutagenic in Salmonella front 28 The horizontal transfer process known as transduction back 28 involves a virus front 29 back 29 transformation Frederick Griffith discovered front 30 In conjugation, F+ cells back 30 contain an F plasmid front 31 Another term for the palindromic sequence found at the ends of transposons is a back 31 inverted repeat front 32 Which of the following is characteristic of prokaryotic genomes but NOT eukaryotic genomes? back 32 circular chromosomes front 33 The procedure known as "replica plating" is used in back 33 negative selection only front 34 The DNA sequence of a portion of gene in a wild-type organisms is TTACCATATTCACCC, and the corresponding peptide sequence is Leu-Pro-Tyr-Ser-Pro. The corresponding gene fragment in phenotypic variant of the organism is TTACCATATTCACCC and the peptide sequence is Leu-Pro-Cys-Ser-Pro. This is an example of a ______ mutation type resulting in a ______ mutation effect. back 34 base substitution; missense front 35 Which of the following is NOT involved in the regulation of the lac operon? back 35 an iRNA front 36 Genetic elements known as promoters are initiation points in the process of back 36 transcription front 37 Codons are recognized during back 37 translation front 38 The events of ______ are initiated at sequences called origins. back 38 DNA replication front 39 The process of ________ requires the activity of DNA ligase. back 39 DNA replication front 40 RNA polymerase is primarily responsible for back 40 transcription front 41 The process of ______ requires participation of tRNA molecules. back 41 translation front 42 The process known as _____ is initiated with the incorporation of fMet. back 42 translation front 43 Transfer of random pieces of DNA mediated by phage is known as back 43 generalized transduction front 44 The process of _______ is described as semiconservative. back 44 DNA replication front 45 During _____, a new peptide bond is formed with the amino acid located in the A site. back 45 translation front 46 A (operon/codon/gene) is a specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein or an RNA molecule. back 46 gene front 47 Loosely packed, transcriptionally active regions of a eukaryotic chromosome is called (euchromatin/ heterochromatin/ nucleosomes). back 47 euchromatin front 48 Transfer of DNA between bacterial cells by viruses is called (transformation/ transduction/ conjugation). back 48 transduction front 49 The phenotype of an organism is its set of (genes/ traits/ chromosomes). back 49 traits front 50 The enzyme responsible for separating the DNA strands during DNA replication is (topoisomerase/ primase/ helicase). back 50 helicase front 51 The chemical 5-bromouracil mimics the chemical structure of thymine, making it an (analog/ nucleotide/ precursor) of thymine. back 51 analog front 52 A protein has altered function as a result of a single amino acid substitution in the polypeptide. this change resulted from a (missense/ nonsense/ silent) mutation. back 52 missense front 53 Except during intitiation of translation, transfer RNA molecules carrying amino acids initially bind to the ribosome at the (P/ A/ E) site. back 53 A front 54 The (codon/ antidcodon/ loop) of a transfer RNA molecule is complementary to a codon in a messenger RNA molecule. back 54 antidcodon front 55 Acridine dyes distort the structure of DNA causing (frameshift/ missense/ nonsense) mutations in gene sequences. back 55 frameshiftf front 56 A (genome/ codon/ operon) is a set of prokaryotic genes that are regulated and transcribed as a unit. back 56 operon front 57 The (leading/ lagging/ replicating) strand is the DNA strand that is synthesized continuously during DNA replication. back 57 leading front 58 The (phenotype/ genome/ genotype) is the set of genes in the genome of an organism. back 58 genotype front 59 RNA polymerase initiates transcription by recognizing specific DNA sequences called (promoter/ origins/ operons). back 59 promoter front 60 While studying a bacterial strain a scientist notes a short DNA sequences between inverted repeats in present in both the chromosome and a plasmid within the cell. This sequence is most likely a (phage/ transposon/ F plasmid). back 60 transposon