MIT Department of Biology 7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2005 Recitation Section 21 Answer Key April 27-28, 2005 Life Tables A. Cohort life table You are studying the life of the common tribble. In a large tribble colony, you mark 1000 newborn tribbles and observe them for the next 5 years. You find the following: 1. Derive formulas for and calculate the remaining values in the table, based on the following definitions. survivorship in year x = survival of individuals to age x mortality rate in year x = proportion of individuals of age x dying by age x+1 age units lived in year x = mean # of individuals alive between year x and x+1 remaining life expectancy at age x = expectation of further life for individuals of age x lx mx Lx ex 5 ex = sx = n (x+1 ) Year (age) x 0 1 2 3 4 5 nx lx = # tribbles alive at start of year nx 1000 900 700 200 50 0 nx n0 m x = 1− s x Lx = Survivorship Mortality rate lx 1 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.05 0 mx 0.1 0.22 0.71 0.75 1.00 ∑L i i =x nx n x + n (x+1 ) 2 Mean # tribbles alive in year Lx 950 800 450 125 25 avg. life expectancy Average Remaining Life Expectancy ex 2.35 1.55 0.86 0.75 0.50 0.00 = x+ ex Average life expectancy for individuals of age x 2.35 2.55 2.86 3.75 4.50 2 2. Sketch the survivorship curve for tribbles: 3. Describe this curve in words. Speculate on what could cause the qualitative shape of the curve. 1.0 Tribbles su rv iv e w ell u n til age 2, w h en su rv iv orsh ip decreases sh arply. Perh aps at age 2, th ey reach old age, o r beco m e old en ou gh to be preyed u pon . lx 0.5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 age 4. What other types of curves are there? Describe qualitative conditions that produce these curves. The immediate exponential decay curve applies to organisms that have a lot of offspring that die very young, such as frogs, fish, or trees. The linear decay curve applies to organisms whose probability of dying is not dependent on age. The very slow decay followed by the exponential decay curve applies to organisms that have very few offspring, and take great care to protect those offspring, such as humans. B. Replacement rates You also collected data on the tribbles born to the cohort you are studying. This is summarized below: YEAR (age) x 0 1 2 3 4 5 # tribbles alive at start of year nx 1000 900 700 200 50 0 # individuals born to members of cohort during year x 0 1200 100 50 5 0 Fecundity bx 0 1.33 0.14 0.25 0.10 0 lxbx 0 1.2 0.10 0.05 0.01* 0 for question 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 for question 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 1. Calculate the fecundity and realized fecundity (lxbx) for each age group. i=5 2. Calculate the net reproductive rate, R 0 = ∑ l i b i . Is this population stable (R0=1), growing i=0 (R0>1), or shrinking (R0<1)? R0 = 1.20 + 0.10 + 0.05 + 0.01 = 1.36 therefore: growing 3. Suppose you find tribbles with the same life expectancies except that they all give birth to 2 new tribbles only once in their lifetime, at an age of 2 years. Will the resulting population be stable? Only one term: R0 = 1.4 therefore: growing 4. Suppose you find tribbles with the same life expectancies except that they all give birth to 4 new tribbles only once in their lifetime, at an age of 3 years. Will the resulting population be stable? Only one term: R0 = 0.8 therefore: shrinking. These tribbles don’t reach reproductive age until after they’ve started to die of old age. 2