Human Anatomy - The Urinary System Pt 3

40) What role does angiotensin II play in restoring blood pressure to normal? A) Angiotension II promotes tubular reabsorption of sodium from the filtrate. B) Angiotensin II promotes tubular reabsorption of both sodium and water from the filtrate. C) Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to vasoconstrict. D) Angiotensin II promotes tubular reabsorption of water from the filtrate. E) Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to vasodilate. Answer: C 41) The chemical buffer system that includes carbonic acid and its salt, which ties up the H+ released by strong acids, is called the ________. A) phosphate buffer system B) protein buffer system C) ionic buffer system D) bicarbonate buffer system E) carbonic buffer system Answer: D 42) Which of these chemicals dissociates completely and liberates all the hydrogen ions when dissolved in water? A) strong acids B) weak acids C) neutral substances D) weak bases E) strong bases Answer: A 43) Which system removes excess carbon dioxide from the blood? A) urinary system B) respiratory system C) digestive system D) cardiovascular system E) endocrine system Answer: B 44) When blood pH begins to rise, the respiratory control centers in the brain are ________. A) accelerated B) depressed C) not effected D) shut off E) controlled by the kidneys Answer: B 45) How does the urinary system respond to blood that has become acidic? A) secrete more hydrogen ions only B) breathing rate increases C) reabsorb more bicarbonate ions only D) breathing rate decreases E) both secrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions Answer: E 46) The need to get up during the night to urinate is called ________. A) hypospadias B) frequency C) nocturia D) urgency E) glomerulonephritis Answer: C 47) The degenerative condition in which blisterlike sacs (cysts) containing urine form on the kidneys and obstruct urine drainage is called ________. A) cystitis B) dysuria C) hypospadias D) epispadias E) polycystic kidney Answer: E 48) Hypospadias is a condition of male children that involves ________. A) atrophied prostate B) opening of the urethra on the ventral surface of the penis C) cysts on the kidneys D) closing of the foreskin over the end of the penis E) inflammation of the glomerulus Answer: B 49) Childhood streptococcal infections that go untreated can lead to ________. A) renal calculi B) glomerulonephritis C) urethritis D) cystitis E) nocturia Answer: B 50) Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter in normal children is related to ________. A) intelligence B) nervous system development C) enzymatic regulation D) hormone regulation E) muscular development Answer: B 51) From childhood through late middle age, one of the most common bacteria to infect and inflame the urinary tract and cause urethritis and cystitis is ________. A) streptococcus B) staphylococcus C) Escherichia coli D) Mycobacterium tuberculosis E) Clostridium botulinum Answer: C 15.3 True/False Questions 1) The kidneys are situated in a retroperitoneal position and found between the T12 and L3 vertebrae. Answer: TRUE 2) The structural and functional units of the kidney are the renal (medullary) pyramids. Answer: FALSE 3) The lumen surfaces of the tubule cells within the proximal convoluted tubule are covered with microvilli. Answer: TRUE 4) The region of the renal tubule closest to the glomerular capsule is the distal convoluted tubule. Answer: FALSE 5) The peritubular capillary bed arises from the afferent arteriole. Answer: FALSE 6) Blood proteins and blood cells are too large to pass through the filtration membrane and should not be found in filtrate. Answer: TRUE 7) Tubular reabsorption begins in the glomerulus. Answer: FALSE 8) Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron. Answer: TRUE 9) Tubular secretion moves items from the blood of the peritubular capillaries to the filtrate for elimination in the urine. Answer: TRUE 10) A diet rich in proteins such as eggs, cheese, and whole-wheat products produces urine with an alkaline pH. Answer: FALSE 11) Urine has a specific gravity closest to 1.001 when excessive fluids are consumed. Answer: TRUE 12) Urine moves down the ureters into the urinary bladder due to gravitational pull alone. Answer: FALSE 13) Urine may routinely contain sodium, potassium, proteins, and red blood cells. Answer: FALSE 14) The urethra, which carries urine exiting the urinary bladder by peristalsis, is typically shorter in females than in males. Answer: TRUE 15) The involuntary internal urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle. Answer: FALSE 16) The fluid stored inside cells is referred to as extracellular fluid (ECF). Answer: FALSE 17) Excess blood plasma in the bloodstream initiates the thirst mechanism to restore fluid balance. Answer: FALSE 18) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes increased water loss through the urine. Answer: FALSE 19) The most important trigger for aldosterone release is the renin-angiotensin mechanism, mediated by the renal tubules. Answer: TRUE 20) Blood buffers are important in maintaining blood pressure. Answer: FALSE 21) The bicarbonate buffer system prevents changes in blood pH through the action of carbonic acid and its salt, sodium bicarbonate. Answer: TRUE 22) When blood pH becomes too acidic, the tubule cells of the kidneys excrete bicarbonate ions and retain hydrogen ions. Answer: FALSE 23) Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are primarily infections of the reproductive tracts but may also cause urinary tract infections. Answer: TRUE 24) Incontinence is often the final outcome of the urinary system during the aging process. Answer: TRUE 15.4 Matching Questions Identify the process that occurs in the kidney. A) tubular reabsorption B) glomerular filtration C) tubular secretion 1) Water and solutes are forced from the blood into the glomerular capsule of the nephron 2) Water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are moved from the filtrate back into the blood 3) Aldosterone promotes sodium and thus water to move from the filtrate through the tubule cells into the blood 4) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes the movement of water from the filtrate back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries 5) Unneeded substances such as potassium, urea, and creatinine are moved from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate 6) Opposite process to tubular reabsorption Answers: 1) B 2) A 3) A 4) A 5) C 6) C Identify the urinary structure with its associated description: A) renal vein B) renal medulla C) calyces D) renal pelvis E) renal (medullary) pyramids F) renal columns G) renal cortex 7) Cup-shaped extensions of the pelvis that enclose the tips of the renal (medullary) pyramids 8) Outer, lighter region of the kidney 9) Blood is transported away from the kidney in this vessel 10) Cortex-like extensions that separate the renal (medullary) pyramids 11) Darker, reddish-brown internal area of the kidney 12) Triangular regions with a striped appearance 13) Flat, basinlike cavity medial to the renal hilum of the kidney Answers: 7) C 8) G 9) A 10) F 11) B 12) E 13) D Identify these organs of the urinary system with their associated descriptions: A) ureter B) urethra C) urinary bladder 14) Tube that drains urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder 15) Muscular sac suitable for temporary urine storage 16) Transports urine and sperm in males 17) Contains three layers of smooth muscle known as the detrusor muscle 18) Contains an area called the trigone formed by the openings of the ureters and urethra 19) Micturition reflex causes this organ to go into contractions Answers: 14) A 15) C 16) B 17) C 18) C 19) C 15.5 Essay Questions 1) Explain how tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion are nearly opposite processes. Answer: Tubular reabsorption is the process by which the body reclaims substances within the filtrate that it wants to keep. Most reabsorption is an active process using membrane carriers. Substances that are typically reabsorbed include amino acids, glucose, and ions. Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules. Tubular secretion is the opposite process. With secretion, substances such as hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and creatinine are removed from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules to be eliminated in urine. 2) Describe the normal characteristics of freshly-voided urine in a healthy adult. Answer: Urine is a pale, straw-colored liquid that progressively becomes a darker yellow color as it becomes more concentrated. The yellow color is a result of the presence of urochrome pigment, a by-product of hemoglobin breakdown. Urine is more concentrated than water with a specific gravity that ranges from 1.001 at its most dilute to l.035 at its most concentrated. Urine is sterile and slightly aromatic. Urine often has an acidic pH of around 6 but can be either acidic or basic depending on metabolism or diet. Urine normally contains water, sodium and potassium ions, urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and bicarbonate ions, as well as other ions that the body needs to dispose. 3) Trace the pathway of a red blood cell through the kidney from the renal artery to the renal vein. Answer: Red blood cells are not filtered by the glomerulus since they are too large to pass through the filtration membrane. Instead, red blood cells travel through the renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, and on to the efferent arteriole. Then, the red blood cell continues its travels to the peritubular capillaries and exits the kidney via the cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, and the renal vein. 4) Compare and contrast filtrate from blood plasma. Answer: Filtrate and blood plasma both contain water and solutes. Filtrate is essentially blood plasma without the blood proteins. However, filtrate differs from blood plasma since blood proteins are too large to fit through the filtration membrane of the glomerulus. 5) Explain the renin-angiotensin mechanism. Answer: The renin-angiotensin mechanism is the most important trigger for the release of aldosterone. It is mediated by the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus of the renal tubules. The JG apparatus consists of modified smooth muscle cells that are stimulated by low blood pressure within the afferent arteriole or changes in solute content of the filtrate. The JG cells respond to these changes by releasing renin into the blood. Renin catalyzes reactions that lead to angiotensin II production, which then acts directly on the blood vessels to cause vasoconstriction as well as aldosterone release. Aldosterone then causes the reabsorption of sodium and water, leading to increased blood volume and blood pressure. 6) Describe how the bicarbonate buffer system functions to maintain pH. Answer: The bicarbonate buffer system utilizes carbonic acid and its salt, sodium bicarbonate. When blood is too acidic, the bicarbonate ions of the salt act as a base and tie up more hydrogen ions. Thus, more carbonic acid is formed. A strong acid is changed to a weak acid which has less of an effect on pH. Under alkaline conditions, carbonic acid releases more hydrogen ions to bind with the hydroxide ions released by the strong base. A strong base is changed to a weak base which has less of an effect on pH.