Lab 1 Quiz - Anatomy Physiology Review

Body orientation and terminology Body regions (identify terms on human diagrams) Cephalic- head region. Includes occipital, frontal, otic, orbital, nasal, oral, and mental 1. Occipital- back of the skull/head 2. Frontal- in between the eyes, forehead region 3. Otic- side of ear 4. Orbital- eyes 5. Nasal- nose 6. Oral- mouth 7. Mental- chin Cervical- the neck Trunk- includes dorsal (back), thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, and pubic body regions Dorsal (back) 1. Scapular- shoulder blade (left and right) 2. Vertebral- spinal column 3. Lumbar- loin (left and right); lower back lateral to spinal column 4. Sacral- in between your hips; right above your butt cheeks 5. Gluteal- buttock; butt cheeks Thoracic- includes sternal, mammary, and axillary 1. Sternal- middle of your chest; going down your sternum 2. Mammary- breast 3. Axillary- armpit Abdominal 1. Umbilical- navel (where umbilical cord is placed, central point of place); belly button Pelvic (pelvis)- above groin 1. Inguinal (groin)- right above your private part Pubic- genital region 1. Perineal- between anus and genitals Upper Extremity/limb- arm region; includes acromial, brachial, antecubital, olecranal, antebrachial, carpal, manus 1. Acromial- point of shoulder 2. Brachial- arm 3. Antecubital- inner elbow 4. Olecranal- outer elbow 5. Antebrachial-forearm 6. Carpal- wrist 7. Manus- hand Lower extremity/limb- leg region; includes coxal, femoral, patellar, popliteal, crural, sural, peroneal, calcaneal, plantar surface of foot, dorsum of foot 1. Coxal- hip; left and right side of pelvis 2. Femoral- thigh 3. Patellar- frontal/anterior/ventral knee 4. Popliteal- back/posterior/dorsal knee 5. Crural- front leg; shin 6. Sural- back of leg;calf 7. Peroneal- side of leg 8. Calcaneal- heel 9. Plantar surface of foot- sole of feet; bottom of foot 10. Dorsum of foot- top of foot Membranes (know definition) Mucous membranes- line many tracts and structures of the body, including the mouth, nose, eyelids, trachea (windpipe) and lungs, stomach and intestines, and the ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder. **From textbook** Mucous Membranes – Lines all body cavities that open to the outside of the body Ex) Hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts -Moist membranes bathed by secretions Serous membranes- located in the ventral body cavity; also known as serosa is a thin, double-layered membrane consisting of parietal and visceral serosa. The layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid- fluid secreted by both layers of membrane The parietal serosa- lines internal body cavity walls. The visceral serosa- covers the internal organs (viscera) [USE VICE PRESIDENT. VP TO REMEMBER V=ORGANS, P= CAVITY WALLS] Pleura- lungs Visceral- visceral pleura; membrane surrounding lung Parietal- parietal pleura; membrane surrounding lung cavity wall Pericardium- heart Visceral- visceral pericardium; membrane surrounding heart Parietal- parietal pericardium; membrane surrounding heart cavity wall Peritoneum- abdominopelvic cavity Visceral- visceral peritoneum; membrane surrounding abdominopelvic cavity Parietal- parietal peritoneum; membrane surrounding abdominopelvic cavity wall Planes of diagrams) Reference (know Sagittal midsagittal/ median plane- cuts you in half from like a coin falling off the empire state building; divides the body into left and right halves. Includes rectum, vertebral column, and intestines Frontal Coronal- splits you in half from left to right into ventral and dorsal. Includes left and right lungs, heart, liver, stomach, arm Transverse Horizontal cross- cuts you into top and bottom. half like a magician would. Includes the liver, spinal cord, body wall, spleen, aorta and pancreas Directional/Orientation Terms in Humans (know definitions) Dorsal (posterior)- Toward or at the back of the body; behind. ex) the heart is posterior to the breastbone Ventral (anterior)- Toward or at the front of the body; in front of. ex) the breastbone is anterior to the spine Lateral- Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of. ex) the arms are lateral to the chest Medial- Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of. ex) the heart is medial to the arm Distal- Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. ex) the knee is distal to the thigh Proximal- Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. ex) the elbow is proximal to the wrist Cephalic/ cranial- toward the head Deep or central (internal)- Away from the body surface; more internal. ex) the lungs are deep to the skin Superficial (external)- Toward or at the body surface. ex) the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles Superior (cranial)- toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above. ex) the head is superior to the abdomen Inferior (caudal)- away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below. ex) the navel is inferior to the chin Body Cavities (either definition or diagram) Open cavities Oral- mouth Nasal- nose Orbital- eyes Middle ear- middle ear Closed cavities Dorsal body cavity- contains cranial and vertebral cavity 1.Cranial cavity- contains the brain 2.Vertebral cavity- contains spinal cord Ventral body cavity- contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities 1.Thoracic cavity- contains heart and lungs Pleural cavity- left and right side surrounding the pericardial cavity Pericardial cavity- middle 2.Abdominal cavity- contains digestive viscera; located in the stomach area 3.Pelvic cavity- contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum; located underneath abdominal cavity Histology (classify epithelium- identifiable by shape and layers) Histology- the study of the microscopic structure of tissues Simple Squamous Epithelium -Squamous stands for squished flat -simple stands for one layer Stratified Squamous Epithelium -stratified stands for more than one layer -squamous stands for squished flat Simple Cuboidal Epithelium -simple means single layered -cuboidal means cells are shaped like a cube -the cells are as tall as they are wide Simple Columnar Epithelium -simple means single layered -columnar means stretched out vertically, look like columns -nuclei lined up in a nice neat row Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium -pseudostratified says stratified in the name aka double or triple layered, however it is single layered! -columnar stands for columns being stretched out -it seems like the cells are on top of each other but they're not -has cilia -nucleus are not aligned like in simple columnar epithelium Transitional Epithelium -transitional stands for two in one/ one transforming/transitioning into another -2 layers -top layer is cuboidal -bottom layer is columnar Loose Areolar Connective Tissue -connective tissue is tissue that connects -loose means the fibers are loosely packed Adipose -adipose is still connective tissue -honeycomb shaped Dense Connective Tissue -connective tissue -dense means the collagen fibers are packed closely together Thick Skin -top layer is keratin aka non cell like -other layers consist of multiple layers of different types of cells -thicker above the epidermis Thin Skin -thinner above the epidermis Hair Follicle and Glands -notice hair follicles -central structures look white with a ring of cells surrounding it Directional/Orientation Terms in Cats (know definitions) Right and left are determined with reference to the orientation of the specimen, not with reference to the orientation of the observer. Dorsal- toward the back, or upper side (where vertebral column is) Ventral- toward the abdomen, or under side (where belly and nipples are) Lateral- pertaining to the side of the body Medial- pertaining to the middle, or midline of the body Distal- pertaining to a position removed from the center of the body or from the origin of a structure Proximal- pertaining to a position close to the center of the body or to the origin of a structure Anterior, cephalic, or cranial- toward the head Posterior, caudal- toward the tail deep/central- near the middle of the trunk or of a limb Superficial- near the surface of the trunk or of a limb Median sagittal plane- the plane which divides the body into left and right halves Sagittal plane- any plane parallel to the median sagittal plane horizontal/frontal plane- at right angles to the sagittal plane and parallel to the ventral and dorsal surfaces Transverse or cross plane- at right angles to both the sagittal and horizontal planes Superior- above Inferior- below Differences between humans and cats in directional/orientation terms ***anterior in humans is equivalent to ventral and posterior is equivalent to dorsal HOWEVER IN CATS anterior is towards the head like superior in humans, and posterior is towards the tail *** deep/central in humans is internal while superficial is external HOWEVER IN CATS it is relatively the same thing except its regarding the trunk or of a limb of the cat ***median/sagittal plane is the SAME in cats and humans ***frontal plane in humans is from left to right and cuts them into ventral and dorsal halves HOWEVER IN CATS frontal plane it is parallel with dorsal and ventral halves/equivalent to transverse cut in humans ***transverse plane in humans is being cut in top and bottom halves HOWEVER IN CATS transverse plane is equivalent to frontal cut in humans *** in cats, frontal plane and transverse plane are opposite to what they are in humans