Biology Equations and Formulas | Study Guide

University:
Miami University
Course:
BIO 256 | Introduction to Programming for the Life Sciences
Academic year:

2020
Views:

101

Pages:

2
Author:

ilikemyicons0y5

BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS Statistical Analysis and Probability Mean - I Standard Deviation n x= -I\ n S i= I Chi-Square SE- =_!__ X2 = X ✓ n L (o - s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) e)2 o = observed results e e = expected results Chi-Square Table p value  = sum of all Degrees of Freedom 1 = sample mean n = sample size -xi ~ l _ __ = ~-L(x. n- 1 Standard Error of the Mean x 0.05 3.84 2 5.99 3 7.81 4 9.49 5 11.07 6 12.59 7 14.07 8 15.51 0.01 6.63 9.21 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81 18.48 20.09 Degrees of freedom are equal to the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one. Laws of Probability Metric Prefixes If A and B are mutually exclusive, then: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) If A and B are independent, then: P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B) Hardy-Weinberg Equations p2 + 2pq + q2 =1 p+q=l p = frequency of allele 1 in a population q = frequency of allele 2 in a population Factor Prefix Symbol 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 10- 1 kilo k deci d 10- 2 centi C 10-3 milli m 10- 6 nucro µ 10- 9 10-12 nano n pico p Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data set Median = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set Mean = sum of all data points divided by number of data points Range= value obtained by subtracting the smallest observation (sample minimum) from the greatest (sample maximum) AP Biology Equations and Formulas 00762-113-CED-Biology_Appendix.indd 214 Page 1 of 2 4/13/19 6:27 PM Water Potential ( '¥ Rate and Growth dt Population Growth dN -=B-D (K------Y-N) Simpson's Diversity Index Diversity Index = I - l.f'p = pressure potential B =birthrate '-Ps = solute potential rmax = maximum per capita growth rate of population Logistic Growth dN dt = change in time K = carrying capacity = rmaxN -;Ji" = rmaxN 'P = 'Pp + 'Ps N = population size Exponential Growth dN dt dY = amount of change D = death rate dt I:(; ) The water potential will be equal to the solute potential of a solution in an open container because the pressure potential of the solution in an open container is zero. The Solute Potential of a Solution '-Ps = -iCRT i = ionization constant (1.0 for sucrose because sucrose does not ionize in water) r C = molar concentration R = pressure constant ( R = 0.0831 liter bars/mole K) 𝑛𝑛 = total number of organisms of a particular species 𝑁𝑁 = total number of organisms of all species T = temperature in Kelvin (°C + 273) pH= - log[H+] Surface Area and Volume Surface Area of a Sphere Volume of a Sphere SA = 4nr 2 V Surface Area of a Rectangular Solid SA = 2/h + 2/w + 2wh Volume of a Rectangular Solid Surface Area of a Cylinder Volume of a Cylinder SA = 2nrh + 2nr 2 V Surface Area of a Cube Volume of a Cube SA = 6s2 V Biology Equations and Formulas 00762-113-CED-Biology_Appendix.indd 215 V 4 3 pr 3 lwh 2 pr h s3 r = radius l = length h = height w = width s = length of one side of a cube SA = surface area V = volume Page 2 of 2 4/13/19 6:27 PM

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