DNA Transcription - Translation Activity

DNA Transcription - Translation Activity Critical Thinking Exercise Organisms are made up of proteins that are, in turn, made up of amino acids. The amino acids needed for protein synthesis by each organism is encoded in their DNA. Using the processes of transcription and translation, you can, theoretically start with a strand of DNA and calculate the amino acid chains for which an organism is coded. DNA Strand Transcription to mRNA Translation to tRNA Amino Acids Chain Protein Synthesis In this activity, students will be given three strands of DNA. Using the different resources provided, they will determine the amino acids for which the DNA is coding and the organisms that would result from their protein synthesis. Resources Needed: 1. Transcription to Protein Synthesis sheet 2. Genetic Code chart 3. Amino Acid Building Blocks of Organisms chart Procedure: 1. Examine the three strands of DNA provided. 2. Transcription: On the worksheet, make the DNA strand into mRNA codons (review Transcription to Protein Synthesis sheet). 3. Translation: On the worksheet, make the mRNA codons into tRNA codons (review Transcription to Protein Synthesis sheet). 3. Amino Acid Chains: Using the Genetic Code chart, fill in the amino acids for each DNA strand. 4. Organisms: Using the to Amino Acid Building Blocks of Organisms chart, find which three organisms you have decoded. 5. In the last step, can you speculate what these three organisms represent? Next Generation Science Standards: Disciplinary Core Ideas LS1.A: Structure and Functions • All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules. Genes are regions in the DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins. Performance Expectations - Students who demonstrate understanding can: HS-LS3-1. Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from parents to offspring. DNA Transcription - Translation Worksheet DNA: mRNA (Transcripion): tRNA Codons (Translation): Amino Acids: Organism 1: AAA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ UCG ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ ATG ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ TGG ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ CAC ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ AAA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ ACA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ ATG ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ ATA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ TTA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ GTA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ TTC ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ TCC ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ ATA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ TTA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ AAA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ ATG ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ TTC ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ ACA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ TCC ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ GTA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____________ Organism 2: Organism 3: Transcription to mRNA Transcription to Protein Synthesis Translation to tRNA Amino Acids Chain Protein Synthesis The Genetic Code – What Exactly is it? Every strand of DNA has a chain of base pairs. The base pairs make up a code. This code names different amino acids for building proteins. Three bases together are called a codon and each codon spells out one amino acid. There are 64 possible codon combinations, but only 20 amino acids. The code has many overlaps. Many amino acids together build a specific protein. This is called protein synthesis. This is the genetic code. The Genetic Code Amino Acids RNA Codons alanine GCU GCC GCA GCG arginine CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG asparagine AAU AAC aspartic acid GAU GAC cysteine UGU UGC glutamic acid GAA GAG glutamine CAA CAG glycine GGU GGC GGA GGG histidine CAU CAC isoleucine AUU AUC AUA leucine UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG lysine AAA AAG methionine AUG phenylalanine UUU UUC proline CCU CCC CCA CCG serine UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC threonine ACU ACC ACA ACG tryptophan UGG tyrosine UAU UAC valine GUU GUC GUA GUG stop codons UAA UAG UGA Amino Acid Building Blocks of Organisms grass cysteine lysine methionine tryptophan corn human grasshopper alanine cysteine glutamic acid glycine histidine isoleucine lysine phenylalanine proline threonine valine wheat histidine isoleucine leucine lycine methionine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine alanine arginine aspartic acid cysteine glutamic acid glycine histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine proline serine threonine tyrosine valine histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine cow salmon alanine arginine aspartic acid cysteine glutamic acid glycine histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine proline serine threonine tryptophan tyrosine valine DNA Transcription - Translation Critical Thinking Exercise KEY mRNA (Transcripion) tRNA Codons (Translation) Amino Acids Organism DNA AAA UUU AAA, AAG lysine UCG AGC UCG, UGU cysteine ATG UAC AUG methionine TGG ACC UGG tryptophan Grass Cow CAC GUG CAC, CAU histidine AAA UUU AAA, AAG lysine ACA UGU ACA, ACC, ACG, ACU threonine ATG UAC AUG methionine ATA UAU AUA, AUC, AUU isoleucine TTA AAU UUA, UUG, CUA, CUC, CUG, CUU leucine GTA CAU GUA, GUC, GUG, GUU valine TTC AAG UUC, UUU phenylalanine TCC ACC UGG tryptophan ATA UAU AUA, AUC, AUU isoleucine TTA AAU UUA, UUG, CUA, CUC, CUG, CUU leucine AAA UUU AAA, AAG lysine ATG UAC AUG methionine TTC AAG UUC, UUU phenylalanine ACA UGU ACA, ACC, ACG, ACU threonine TCC ACC UGG tryptophan GTA CAU GUA, GUC, GUG, GUU valine The Genetic Code Amino Acids RNA Codons alanine arginine asparagine aspartic acid cysteine glutamic acid glutamine glycine histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine proline serine threonine tryptophan tyrosine valine GCU GCC GCA GCG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG AAU AAC GAU GAC UGU UGC GAA GAG CAA CAG GGU GGC GGA GGG CAU CAC AUU AUC AUA UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG AAA AAG AUG UUU UUC CCU CCC CCA CCG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC ACU ACC ACA ACG UGG UAU UAC GUU GUC GUA GUG grass cow Food Chain human Human