Chapters 1 - 4 Review #1 DeÞnitions 1. What is a gamma nasal, and how is it pronounced? ¥ A gamma nasal is the letter gamma ( g ) when followed by gamma ( g ), kappa ( k ), xi ( x ), or chi ( c ). In other words, it is the first letter of the consonant clusters gg, gk, gx, or gc. ¥ ¥ A gamma nasal is pronounced like the English letter Òn.Ó Therefore, the consonant clusters with a gamma nasal are pronounced as follows: gg as Òng,Ó gk as Ònk,Ó gx as Ònks,Ó and gc as Ònch.Ó ¥ 2. 3. What is a diphthong? ¥ A diphthong is two vowels in a row that are pronounced together as one sound in one syllable rather than separately as two sounds in two syllables. ¥ The diphthongs that appear in the New Testament are as follows:1 Lower Case Upper Case Transliteration Pronunciation ai AI ai aisle ei EI ei eight oi OI oi oil au AU au sauerkraut ou OU ou soup ui UI ui suite eu EU eu feud hu HU ēu feud What is an improper diphthong? ¥ An improper diphthong is an alpha, eta, or omega with an iota subscript.2 ¥ An improper diphthong is transliterated as if the iota subscript were a normal iota. 1 Advanced information: There is one other Greek diphthong, wu, which doesnÕt occur as a diphthong in the NT (although wuà occurs in the NT and the diphthong does appear in the LXX). wu is pronounced as a diphthong by combining the two separate sounds into one quick, smooth sound ōh'-oo (Herbert Weir Smyth, Greek Grammar, rev. Gordon M. Messing (Harvard, 1984), 13). 2 Advanced information: When written in capital letters, the iota of an improper diphthong is written as a normal capital iota (Smyth, 9). As a result, a/ and ai are both written in Greek capital letters as AI, and can only be distinguished by context. !5 6! Review #1 ¥ 4. An improper diphthong is pronounced as if the iota subscript did not exist.3 Lower Case Transliteration Pronunciation a/ ai father h/ ēi obey w/ ōi tone Describe when an apostrophe is used. ¥ An apostrophe ( = ) is used in the process of elision. In elision, certain words that end in a vowel substitute an apostrophe for the final vowel when followed by a word that begins with a vowel. Note that an apostrophe, a smooth breathing mark, and a coronis (used in the process of crasis, described on pages 111 and 338 of the textbook) all look identical. Exercises 5. Write out the alphabet. ¥ 6. 7. 8. Upper case: A B G D E Z H Q I K L M N X O P R S T U F C Y W ¥ Names: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi, omicron, pi, rho, sigma, tau, upsilon, phi, chi, psi, omega. How are the two sigmas used in one word? ¥ Lower-case sigma is written ( V ) when it is the last letter of a word, and is written ( s ) everywhere else. ¥ E.g., ajpovstoloV. Give an example of a smooth breathing mark and a rough breathing mark. ¥ ajmhvn has a smooth breathing mark. ¥ aJmartiva has a rough breathing mark. Punctuation Marks. Match the Greek punctuation mark with its function. a. b. c. d. 9. Lower case: a b g d e z h q i k l m n x o p r s/V t u f c y w ¥ , . ú (dot above the line) ; semi-colon question mark comma period Accents. Match the appropriate accent marks with their proper name. a. v circumflex b. ; acute c. : grave4 3 4 Advanced information: In the combination alpha-iota, if the alpha is short, the iota will not subscript, forming the diphthong ai. And if the alpha is long, the iota will subscript, forming the improper diphthong a/. So if you pronounce short and long alpha differently, pronounce the improper diphthong a/ as you pronounce a long alpha. The word Ògrave,Ó when it refers to the accent, can either be pronounced the same as when it refers to a tomb, or it can be pronounced with the sound of the letter ÒaÓ in the word Òpart.Ó Review #1 10. 11. ! 7 How does an accent affect a translation? ¥ For most words, accent does not affect translation in any way. ¥ There are a few words that can only be distinguished by their accents. For a list, see page 338 in the textbook. ¥ Certain personal pronoun forms may have more emphasis if they are accented than if they are not. This is described on pages 91 and 92 in the textbook. Syllabification. Divide the following words into syllables. a. di ¥ dav ¥ skwn b. di ¥ a ¥ mar ¥ tu ¥ rov ¥ me ¥ noV c. a[n ¥ qrw ¥ poV d. lev ¥ gon ¥ teV e. bavl ¥ lw!