Test 2 Introduction to Psychology

Test 2: Introduction to Psychology Multiple Choice 1. Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? A. homeostasis B. insomnia C. melatonin D. rhythm 2. Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false? A. It can result in sleeping problems. B. It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis. C. It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult. D. It carries a much higher risk of leading to substance abuse. 3. Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. A. conscience B. consciousness C. REM sleep D. unconsciousness 4. Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. A. falls asleep in the middle of the day B. sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period C. suffers from chronic sleep deprivation D. suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt 5. Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. A. darkness; light B. light; darkness C. pulsing light; steady light D. twilight; gloom 6. Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? A. cognitive behavioral B. dependent C. evolutionary D. Freudian 7. Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud 8. Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so frequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify? A. physical dependence B. psychological dependence C. synergistic effects D. polysubstance abuse disorder 9. Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies? A. bottom-up B. inside-out C. outside-in D. top-down 10. ________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. A. Perception; transduction B. Perception; sensation C. Transduction; perception D. Sensation; perception 11. Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. A. a just noticeable difference B. subliminal perception C. top-down processing D. transduction 12. Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________ waves of light. A. higher amplitude B. longer wavelengths C. shorter wavelengths D. lower amplitude 13. ________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. A. higher; louder B. higher; quieter C. higher; weaker D. lower; louder 14. Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? A. cones B. fovea C. lens D. rods 15. Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? A. corneal B. acoustic C. optic D. gustatory 16. Which of these is not one of the structures that comprises the outer ear? A. the basilar membrane B. the pinna C. the auditory canal D. the eardrum 17. The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe. A. frontal B. parietal C. occipital D. temporal 18. Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? A. Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. B. Because they are unrelated to biological senses. C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. D. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body. 19. What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes 20. Which of the following is an example of instinct? A. baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked B. believing that nudity is wrong C. a teacher demonstrating algebra to students D. a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents. 21. Which of the following is an example of a reflex? A. deciding that you want to be a parent B. jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship C. addressing your elders as “sir” or “ma’am” because that is how you were raised D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light 22. Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A. associative B. instinctive C. processual D. reflexive 23. Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley’s nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. A. unconditioned stimulus B. unconditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. conditioned response 24. You are a big fan of your grandmother’s chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________. A. extinction B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. spontaneous recovery 25. Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. learning 26. After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the “required monthly tests” came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________. A. second-level conditioning B. operant conditioning C. spontaneous recovery D. latent learning 27. Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model? A. acquisition and extinction B. punishment and reinforcement C. continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement D. latent learning and insight learning 28. ________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics. A. Natural B. Artificial C. Ideal D. Prototypical 29. ________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. A. Cognition B. Personality C. Conceptualization D. Priming 30. A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. A. letter B. morpheme C. phoneme D. syllable 31. What is the confirmation bias? A. believing the event you just experienced was predictable B. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs C. focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision D. stereotyping someone or something unintentionally 32. Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory. A. linguistic B. logical–mathematical C. musical D. spatial 33. Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends’ moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of the multiple intelligences model does this exemplify? A. interpersonal B. intrapersonal C. linguistic D. naturalist .