University:
Missouri State University
Course:
PHI 105 | Critical Thinking
Academic year:

2024
Views:

75

Pages:

2
Author:

Gretchen Franco

EXCLUDED MIDDLE INTRODUCTION According to classical bi-valued logic, the disjunct of any sentence and its negation is always true, given that any given sentence must be either true or false. We can introduce, at any time p V ~p If p is true, the first disjunct is true and the whole sentence is true. If p is false, the second sentence is true and the whole sentence is true. RULE OF INFERENCE: Disjunction The rules of disjunctive syllogism and addition emerge directly from the fact that when two sentences are connected by a DISJUNCTION, what’s being asserted is that at least one of the disjuncts are true. As a result, if we know that one of the disjuncts is false, we also know that the other disjunct must be true. This is the rule of DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM. In addition, if we know that one sentence is true, then we know that the sentence formed using that sentence, a disjunction, and another sentence whose truth value we do not know, is also true. We know this is true because only one disjunct has to be true for the disjunctive compound to be true. This is the rule of ADDITION. DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM Given p V q and ~p ADDITION Given p , we can deduce we can deduce pVq q Because one of the disjuncts must be true, and p is not because p is true and pV q is true regardless of the truth value of q, just because p is true RULES OF REPLACEMENT: DISJUNCTION Disjunctions are commutative. In other words, the order of conjuncts or disjuncts in any given formula doesn’t make a difference to the truth of the formula. As a result, the commutation rule of replacement allows us to substitute one formula for another when the only difference between the two is the order of the conjuncts/disjuncts. Furthermore, when a formula contains just conjunction or just disjunctions, it doesn’t matter whether you put one part of the whole formula within parentheses, or another part. As a result, when given a formula of at least three sentences, two of which are in parentheses, you COMMUTATION Given p V q, we can deduce ASSOCIATION Given p V (q V r), we can deduce qVp (p V q) V r RULES OF REPLACEMENT: V, &, ~ DISTRIBUTION The formula p & (q V r) can (1) replace or can (2) be replaced at any time during a deduction by the formula (p & q) V (p & r). The formula p V (q & r) can (1) replace or can (2) be replaced at any time during a deduction by the formula (p V q) & (p V r). DE MORGAN’S LAW The formula ~p & ~q, DOUBLE NEGATION The formula ~~p can (1) replace or can (2) be replaced at any time during a deduction by can (1) replace or can (2) be replaced at any time during a deduction by ~(p V q) (it’s not the case that one of them is true) p The formula ~p V ~q, can (1) replace or can (2) be replaced at any time during a deduction by ~(p & q) (it’s not the case that they’re both true)