Psychology Vocabulary

Psychology - Terms/Concepts (640 Total) Unit 1 – History and Approaches 1. 2. 3. 4. empiricism structuralism functionalism experimental psychology 5. behaviorism 6. humanistic psychology 7. cognitive neuroscience 8. Psychology 9. nature-nurture debate 10. natural selection 11. levels of analysis 12. behavioral psychology 13. biological psychology 14. cognitive psychology 15. evolutionary psychology 16. psychodynamic psychology 17. social-cultural psychology 18. psychometrics 19. basic research 20. developmental psychology 21. educational psychology 22. personality psychology 23. social psychology 24. applied research 25. industrial-organizational psychology 26. human factors psychology 27. counseling psychology 28. clinical psychology 29. psychiatry 30. positive psychology 31. community psychology 32. testing effect 33. SQ3R 14. correlation coefficient 15. scatterplot 16. illusory correlation 17. experiment 18. experimental group 19. control group 20. random assignment 21. double-blind procedure 22. placebo effect 23. independent variable 24. confounding variable 25. dependent variable 26. validity 27. descriptive statistics 28. mode 29. mean 30. median 31. skewed distribution 32. range 33. standard deviation 34. normal curve 35. inferential statistics 36. statistical significance 37. culture 38. informed consent 39. debriefing 11. neurotransmitters 12. reuptake 13. endorphins 14. agonist 15. antagonist 16. nervous system 17. central nervous system (CNS) 18. peripheral nervous system (PNS) 19. nerves 20. sensory (afferent) neurons 21. motor (efferent) neurons 22. interneurons 23. somatic nervous system 24. autonomic nervous 25. sympathetic nervous system Unit 2 – Research Methods 1. hindsight bias 2. critical thinking 3. theory 4. hypothesis 5. operational definition 6. replication 7. case study 8. naturalistic observation 9. survey 10. sampling bias 11. population 12. random sample 13. correlation Unit 3 – Biological Bases 1. biological psychology 2. neuron 3. dendrites 4. axon 5. myelin sheath 6. action potential 7. refractory period 8. threshold 9. all-or-none response 10. synapse 26. parasympathetic nervous system 27. reflex 28. endocrine system 29. hormones 30. adrenal glands 31. pituitary gland 32. lesion 33. electroencephalogram (EEG) 34. CT (computed tomography) scan 35. PET (positron emission tomography) scan 36. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) 37. fMRI (functional MRI) 38. brainstem 39. medulla 40. thalamus 41. reticular formation 42. cerebellum 43. limbic system 44. amygdala 45. hypothalamus 46. cerebral cortex 47. glial cells (glia) 48. frontal lobes 49. parietal lobes 50. occipital lobes 51. temporal lobes 52. motor cortex 53. somatosensory cortex 54. association areas 55. plasticity 56. neurogenesis 57. corpus callosum 58. split brain 59. consciousness 60. cognitive neuroscience 61. dual processing 62. behavior genetics 63. environment 64. chromosomes 65. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 66. genes 67. genome 68. identical twins 69. fraternal twins 70. molecular genetics 71. heritability 72. interaction 73. epigenetics 74. evolutionary psychology 75. natural selection 76. mutation 23. pupil 24. iris 25. lens 26. retina 27. accommodation 28. rods 29. cones 30. optic nerve 31. blind spot 32. fovea 33. feature detectors 34. parallel processing 35. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (threecolor) theory 36. opponent-process theory 37. gestalt 38. figure-ground 39. grouping 40. depth perception 41. visual cliff 42. binocular cues 43. retinal disparity 44. monocular cues 45. phi phenomenon 46. perceptual constancy 47. color constancy 48. perceptual adaptation 49. audition 50. frequency 51. pitch 52. middle ear 53. cochlea 54. inner ear 55. sensorineural hearing loss 56. conduction hearing loss 57. cochlear implant 58. place theory 59. frequency theory 60. gate-control theory 61. kinesthesia 62. vestibular sense 63. sensory interaction 64. embodied cognition Unit 4 – Sensation and Perception 1. sensation 2. perception 3. bottom-up processing 4. top-down processing 5. selective attention 6. inattentional blindness 7. change blindness 8. transduction 9. psychophysics 10. absolute threshold 11. signal detection theory 12. subliminal 13. priming 14. difference threshold 15. Weber’s law 16. sensory adaptation 17. perceptual set 18. extrasensory perception (ESP) 19. parapsychology 20. wavelength 21. hue 22. intensity Unit 5 – States of Consciousness (these terms/concepts are covered in the Summer Assignment; you are responsible for them on your own). 1. consciousness 2. hypnosis 3. posthypnotic suggestion 4. dissociation 5. circadian rhythm 6. REM sleep 7. alpha waves 8. sleep 9. hallucinations 10. delta waves 11. NREM sleep 12. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 13. insomnia 14. narcolepsy 15. sleep apnea 16. night terrors 17. dream 18. manifest content 19. latent content 20. REM rebound 21. substance use disorder 22. psychoactive drug 23. tolerance 24. addiction 25. withdrawal 26. depressants 27. alcohol use disorder 28. barbiturates 29. opiates 30. stimulants 31. amphetamines 32. nicotine 33. cocaine 34. methamphetamine 35. Ecstasy (MDMA) 36. hallucinogens 37. LSD 38. near-death experience 39. THC 18. discrimination 19. operant conditioning, 20. law of effect 21. operant chamber 22. reinforcement 23. shaping 24. discriminative stimulus 25. positive reinforcement 26. negative reinforcement 27. primary reinforcer 28. conditioned reinforcer 29. reinforcement schedule 30. continuous reinforcement 31. partial (intermittent) reinforcement 32. fixed-ratio schedule 33. variable-ratio schedule 34. fixed-interval schedule 35. variable-interval schedule 36. punishment 37. biofeedback 38. respondent behavior 39. operant behavior 40. cognitive map 41. latent learning 42. insight 43. intrinsic motivation 44. extrinsic motivation 45. coping 46. problem-focused coping 47. emotion-focused coping 48. learned helplessness 49. external locus of control 50. internal locus of control 51. self-control 52. observational learning 53. modeling 54. mirror neurons 55. prosocial behavior Unit 6 - Learning 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. learning habituation associative learning stimulus cognitive learning classical conditioning behaviorism neutral stimulus (NS) unconditioned response (UR) 10. unconditioned stimulus (US) 11. conditioned response (CR) 12. conditioned stimulus (CS) 13. acquisition 14. higher-order conditioning 15. extinction 16. spontaneous recovery 17. generalization Unit 7 - Cognition 1. memory 2. encoding 3. storage 4. retrieval 5. parallel processing 6. sensory memory 7. short-term memory 8. long-term memory 9. working memory 10. explicit memory 11. effortful processing 12. automatic processing 13. implicit memory 14. iconic memory 15. echoic memory 16. chunking 17. mnemonics 18. spacing effect 19. testing effect 20. shallow processing 21. deep processing 22. hippocampus 23. flashbulb memory 24. long-term potentiation (LTP) 25. recall 26. recognition 27. relearning 28. priming 29. mood-congruent memory 30. serial position effect 31. anterograde amnesia 32. retrograde amnesia 33. proactive interference 34. retroactive interference 35. repression 36. misinformation effect 37. source amnesia 38. déjà vu 39. cognition 40. concept 41. prototype 42. creativity 43. convergent thinking 44. divergent thinking 45. algorithm 46. heuristic 47. insight 48. confirmation bias 49. mental set 50. intuition 51. representativeness heuristic 52. availability heuristic 53. overconfidence 54. belief perseverance 55. framing 56. language 57. phoneme 58. morpheme 59. grammar 60. babbling stage 61. one-word stage 62. two-word stage 63. telegraphic speech 64. aphasia 65. Broca’s area 66. Wernicke’s area 67. linguistic determinism 13. sexual dysfunction 14. estrogens 15. testosterone 16. emotion 17. James-Lange theory 18. Cannon-Bard theory 19. two-factor theory 20. polygraph 21. facial feedback effect 22. health psychology 23. stress 24. general adaptation syndrome (GAS) 25. tend and befriend response 26. psychophysiological illness 27. psychoneuroimmunolog y 28. lymphocytes 29. coronary heart disease 30. Type A 31. Type B Unit 8 – Motivation, Emotion, and Stress 1. motivation 2. instinct 3. drive-reduction theory 4. homeostasis 5. incentive 6. Yerkes-Dodson law 7. hierarchy of needs 8. glucose 9. set point 10. basal metabolic rate 11. sexual response cycle 12. refractory period Unit 9 – Developmental Psychology (these terms/concepts are covered in an independent “flipped” unit; you are responsible for them on your own). 1. developmental psychology 2. zygote 3. embryo 4. fetus 5. teratogens 6. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) 7. habituation 8. maturation 9. cognition 10. schema 11. assimilation 12. accommodation 13. sensorimotor stage 14. object permanence 15. preoperational stage 16. conservation 17. egocentrism 18. theory of mind 19. autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 20. concrete operational stage 21. formal operational stage 22. stranger anxiety 23. attachment 24. critical period 25. imprinting 26. temperament 27. basic trust 28. self-concept 29. gender 30. aggression 31. gender role 32. role 33. gender identity 34. social learning theory 35. gender typing 36. transgender 37. adolescence 38. identity 39. social identity 40. intimacy 41. emerging adulthood 42. X chromosome 43. Y chromosome 44. testosterone 45. puberty 46. primary sex characteristics 47. secondary sex characteristics 48. menarche 49. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) 50. sexual orientation 51. menopause 52. cross-sectional study 53. longitudinal study 54. social clock Unit 10 – Personality (these terms/concepts are covered in an independent “flipped” unit; you are responsible for them on your own). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. personality free association psychoanalysis unconscious id ego superego psychosexual stages Oedipus [ED-uh-puss] complex 10. identification 11. fixation 12. defense mechanisms 13. repression 14. psychodynamic theories 15. collective unconscious 16. projective test 17. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 18. Rorschach inkblot test 19. false consensus effect 20. terror-management theory 21. humanistic theories 22. self-actualization 23. unconditional positive regard 24. self-concept 25. trait 26. personality inventory 27. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 28. empirically derived test 29. social-cognitive perspective 30. behavioral approach 31. reciprocal determinism 32. positive psychology 33. self 34. spotlight effect 35. self-esteem 36. self-efficacy 37. self-serving bias 38. narcissism 39. individualism 40. collectivism Unit 11 – Testing and Individual Differences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. intelligence intelligence test general intelligence (g) factor analysis savant syndrome grit emotional intelligence mental age Stanford-Binet 10. intelligence quotient (IQ) 11. achievement test 12. aptitude test 13. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 14. standardization 15. normal curve 16. reliability 17. validity 18. content validity 19. predictive validity 20. cohort 21. crystallized intelligence 22. fluid intelligence 23. intellectual disability 24. Down syndrome 25. heritability 26. stereotype threat 11. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 12. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 13. post-traumatic growth 14. mood disorders 15. major depressive disorder 16. mania 17. bipolar disorder 18. rumination 19. schizophrenia 20. psychosis 21. delusions 22. hallucination 23. somatic symptom disorder 24. conversion disorder 25. illness anxiety disorder 26. dissociative disorders 27. dissociative identity disorder (DID) 28. anorexia nervosa 29. bulimia nervosa 30. binge-eating disorder 31. personality disorders 32. antisocial personality disorder Unit 12 – Abnormal Behavior 1. psychological disorder 2. attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 3. medical model 4. DSM-5 5. anxiety disorders 6. generalized anxiety disorder 7. panic disorder 8. phobia 9. social anxiety disorder 10. agoraphobia Unit 13 – Treatment of Abnormal Behavior 1. psychotherapy 2. biomedical therapy 3. eclectic approach 4. psychoanalysis 5. resistance 6. interpretation 7. transference 8. psychodynamic therapy 9. insight therapies 10. client-centered therapy 11. active listening 12. unconditional positive regard 13. behavior therapy 14. counterconditioning 15. exposure therapies 16. systematic desensitization 17. virtual reality exposure therapy 18. aversive conditioning 19. token economy 20. cognitive therapy 21. rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) 22. cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) 23. group therapy 24. family therapy 25. regression toward the mean 26. meta-analysis 27. evidence-based practice 28. therapeutic alliance 29. resilience 30. psychopharmacology 31. antipsychotic drugs 32. antianxiety drugs 33. antidepressant drugs 34. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 35. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) 36. psychosurgery 37. lobotomy Unit 14 – Social Psychology 1. social psychology 2. attribution theory 3. fundamental attribution error 4. attitude 5. peripheral route persuasion 6. central route persuasion 7. foot-in-the-door phenomenon 8. role 9. cognitive dissonance theory 10. conformity 11. normative social influence 12. informational social influence 13. social facilitation 14. social loafing 15. deindividuation 16. group polarization 17. groupthink 18. culture 19. norm 20. prejudice 21. stereotype 22. discrimination 23. just-world phenomenon 24. ingroup 25. outgroup 26. ingroup bias 27. scapegoat theory 28. other-race effect 29. aggression 30. frustration-aggression principle 31. social script 32. mere exposure effect 33. passionate love 34. companionate love 35. equity 36. self-disclosure 37. altruism 38. bystander effect 39. social exchange theory 40. reciprocity norm 41. social-responsibility norm 42. conflict 43. social trap 44. mirror-image perceptions 45. self-fulfilling prophecy 46. superordinate goals 47. GRIT