Plant Diversity II - The Evolution of Seed Plants Answer Key 1-31

Campbell Biology Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution? A) the trend toward smaller size B) the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle C) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle D) the trend toward larger gametophytes Answer: C 2) Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm? A) It produces seeds. B) It retains its fertilized egg within its archegonium. C) It lacks gametangia. D) It undergoes alternation of generations. Answer: C 3) Which of the following characteristics is functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms? A) diploid nuclei B) mitochondria C) endosperm D) chloroplasts Answer: B 4) In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants? A) sporopollenin B) lignin present in cell walls C) pollen D) megaphylls Answer: C 5) Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the cells of human skin, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment. A) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells of a gametophyte, cells of a megasporangium, cells in the interior of a subterranean root B) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells of a gametophyte, cells in the interior of a subterranean root, cells of a megasporangium C) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells of a megasporangium, cells of a gametophyte, cells in the interior of a subterranean root D) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells in the interior of a subterranean root, cells of a megasporangium, cells of a gametophyte Answer: C 6) Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. A) sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence B) sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence C) gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence D) gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence Answer: D 7) In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? A) sporophyll B) sporopollenin C) stigma D) sporangium Answer: B 8) In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a ________. A) moss sporophyte B) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia C) fern sporophyte D) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia Answer: D 9) A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur? A) The pollen grains will be pure red. B) The pollen grains will be pure blue. C) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors. D) The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors. Answer: C 10) Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms? A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte Answer: A 11) The advantages of the reduced gametophytes in seed plants include ________. A) protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from its own photosynthesis, and protection from drying out B) protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from the sporophyte, and protection from drying out C) protection of the spores from ultraviolet radiation and drying out, and gain of nutrients from the sporophyte D) development of the seed Answer: B 12) The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include ________. A) using wind as a dispersal agent B) containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte C) relying on animals for pollination D) providing nutrition for animals Answer: B 13) Unlike almost all ferns, seed plants ________. A) produce two kinds of spores B) have large gametophytes C) have vascular tissue D) can photosynthesize Answer: A 14) One day, you go outside and see that the cars on the street are covered in a yellow "dust." Which of the following statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"? A) The dust is pine pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated. B) The dust is the spore production of ferns and is so abundant because the spores are winddispersed. C) The dust is the seed production of ferns and is so abundant because the seeds are tiny and take very little energy to produce. D) The dust is the seed production of pines and is so abundant because the seeds are tiny and take very little energy to produce. Answer: A 15) The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are ________. A) ferns, horsetails, lycophytes, and club mosses B) hornworts, liverworts, and mosses C) gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos D) elms, maples, and aspens Answer: C 16) Spruces and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of ________. A) increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis B) increased surface area, increasing gas exchange C) decreased surface area, reducing gas exchange D) decreased surface area, reducing water loss Answer: D 17) Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. B) Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones. C) Pollen grains contain female gametophytes. D) A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm. Answer: A 18) Which of the following statements about the pine life cycle is accurate? A) The pine tree is a gametophyte. B) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. C) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon. D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. Answer: D 19) Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, which of the following developmental sequences is correct, assuming fertilization occurs? A) megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell, sporophyte embryo B) megaspore, sporophyte embryo, female gametophyte, egg cell C) sporophyte embryo, megaspore, egg cell, female gametophyte D) sporophyte embryo, megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell Answer: A 20) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). A) sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei B) sporophyte, microspores, microsporangia, pollen nuclei, pollen cone C) pollen cone, sporophyte, microspores, microsporangia, pollen nuclei D) pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei, sporophyte Answer: A 21) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the integument of a pine seed? A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte Answer: D 22) Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules? A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte Answer: D 23) Use the information to answer the following question. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? A) They have exposed ovules. B) They have flagellated sperm. C) They are pollinated by animals. D) They have flagellated sperm and they are pollinated by animals. Answer: D 24) Use the information to answer the following question. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called "flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Consequently, which of the following statements should be accurate? A) Flying foxes are attracted to cycad fruit and eat the enclosed seeds only by accident. B) Flying foxes are highly susceptible to the effects of the neurotoxins because the toxin attacks the action of the central nervous system. C) Flying foxes assist the beetles as important pollinating agents of the cycads. D) Flying foxes disperse cycad seeds if the seeds sometimes get swallowed whole (in other words, without getting chewed). Answer: D 25) Use the information to answer the following question. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called "flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Which of the following proposed studies would be worth investigating next? A) investigating the effects of the neurotoxins on the beetles B) investigating the mechanism of action of the neurotoxin on the bats C) investigating the mechanism of action of the neurotoxin on the beetles D) measuring the effect of the neurotoxin on a nectar-feeding bat Answer: A 26) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees. A) breezes B) rain droplets C) seed-eating birds D) squirrels Answer: A 27) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. The large white part of a Brazil nut that people eat serves which of the following functions in nature? A) It attracts harpy eagles and encourages them to nest in the tree. B) It provides energy and nutrition to a germinating seedling. C) It serves as protection for the embryo from agoutis looking for food. D) It provides a water source for the developing embryo. Answer: B 28) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. Predict the most likely outcome to the population of Brazil nut trees if a disease decimated the agouti population. A) The population of large Brazil nut trees would remain constant for a while, but the population of new seedlings would likely increase in the long run. B) The population of large Brazil nut trees would decline immediately, and the population of new seedlings would likely decrease in the future. C) The population of large Brazil nut trees would remain constant for a while, but the population of new seedlings would likely decrease in the long run. D) Both the population of large Brazil nut trees and new seedlings would increase in the long run. Answer: C 29) Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that ________. A) favor pollination B) foster seed dispersal C) decrease competition D) inhibit herbivory Answer: D 30) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem? A) poor sporophyte viability B) failure to produce fertile ovules C) failure to produce pollen D) pollination failure Answer: D 31) Use the information to answer the following question. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. The agouti is most directly involved with the Brazil nut tree's dispersal of ________. A) female gametophytes B) sporophyte embryos C) sporophyte megaspores D) female gametes Answer: B