University:
Northwest College
Course:
ANT 201 | Anatomy
Academic year:

2023
Views:

258

Pages:

35
Author:

Yesenia M.

HUMAN ANATOMY 35 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – Chapter 24 Sections Covered in Text 24. 1 to 24. 8 Functions • Surface area for gasexchange • Ventilation- Moving Air to and from surfaces of the lungs • Protection of respiratory surfaces from: – Dehydration (staying moist) – Environmental changes ( Staying clean) • Immune functions ( cells??) • Vocalization • regulation of Blood volume, Blood Pressure and Body fluid pH Respiratory System Upper Respiratory Paranasal sinuses, Nasal Conchae, Nose, Nasal Cavity Lower Respiratory: Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs and Bronchioles Respiratory System • Nose • • • • • Nasal cavity Nasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea – Respiratory tree • Lungs • Alveoli Respiratory Defense System Contaminants in the air are filtered by this Particles larger than 10 micrometers removed Stiff Hairs are called VIBRISSAE ( trap) Mucus is secreted by nasopharynx Odors are detected by sensory smells. The Lamina propria – is populated by lymphocytes! Kills! PCCE. ( type of epithelium) Respiratory Epithelium • P CC E • Mucus cells • Lines respiratory tract – Except pharynx – Except alveoli Nose • • • • • • Dorsum Apex External nares Nasal septum Nasal vestibule Nasal cavity Paranasal Sinuses • • • • Frontal Maxillary Sphenoid Ethmoidal Nasal Cavity • Olfactory epithelium • Internal nares (choanae) • Nasal concha – Superior – Middle – Inferior • Hard palate • Soft palate The Nasopharynx The Nasopharynx is connected via auditory (Eustachian) YouSTAYstion tubes to middle ear cavities (PCCE) Pharynx LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACK Mucocillary escalator Trachea and Primary Bronchi • Windpipe • Trachial cartilages – hyaline cartilagerings – 16-20 – Prevents collapse of tube • Trachealis muscle – Smooth muscle support for C-rings – Closes the circle of Cring by forming bridge – Helps adjust air flow to lungs Larynx Begins at C2-C3,Ends at C6 orC7 Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage Arytenoid Cartilage ( Discussed Later) Tracheal Cartilage Epiglottis- Elastic Cartilage Vocal Cords • Glottis • Vocal folds (vocal cords) – cords of fibrous CT – vibrate during speech • True vocal cords • vestibular folds (false vocal cords) • laryngeal muscles involved in speech and swallowing • https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=b89RSYCaUBo Vocalization Histology of the Trachea The Lungs Lungs • • • • Apex Base Hilum Right lung – Superior lobe – Middle lobe – Inferior lobe • Left lung – Superior lobe – Inferior lobe – Cardiac notch Bronchial Tree • 1o bronchi – 1st branches off trachea • 2o bronchi – 1 per lobe of lung • 3o bronchi – branch off secondary • • • • Bronchioles Terminal bronchi Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts TO NOTE: THE GRADUAL TRANSITION OF RESPIRATOR EPITHELIUM OF MUCOSA PCCE to simple cuboidal non-ciliated in parts of trachea,to bronchioles- simple columnar to simple squamous in aveoli CLARA CELLS ( in some small bronchial tube- have simple cuboid non-ciliated) (Bonus) Gradual Changes in the Bronchial Tree • Decreasein diameter • Decreasein hyaline cartilage support • Decreasein smooth muscle • Gradual thinning of epithelium • In larger bronchioles – hyaline cartilage in plates – smooth muscle still present TERTIARY BRONCHIAL SEGMENTS PCCE We also find something called MALT which is: Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue And Mast cells : antigen-antibody complexes Trigger release of HISTAMINE – vasoconstriction---Asthma Alveoli • Number: ~300,000,000 • Size (individual) ~60100 microns diameter • Surface area (collective)=1500 square feet • TypeI alveolar cells – simple squamous epithelium • TypeII alveolar cells – great alveolar cell – secrete surfactant – Dust Cells – Alveolar macrophage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9AG8RY46Nk What is a Surfactant? Surfactant: A fluid secreted by the cells of the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs) that serves to reduce the surface tension of pulmonary fluids; surfactant contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue, preventing the alveoli from collapsing. Respiratory Membrane Blood Air Barrier Alveolar air barrier : Includes an extra layer 1)Alveolar layer 2) capillary endothelial 3)fused basement between them Alveoli- simple squamous epithelium Pg. 639. Tracheostomy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULb5q6aBuic Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation