University:
Northwest College
Course:
ANT 201 | Anatomy
Academic year:

2024
Views:

204

Pages:

14
Author:

Reina H

Ch. 7 endocrine system Hormones endocrinology - study of hormones responsible for long-term ongoing functions in body metabolism regulation of internal environment reproduction growth development Act in 3 basic ways Rates of enzymatic reaction transport ions & molecules across cell membrane Gene expression & protein synthesis hormone is a chemical signal hormones act by binding to receptor bind to target cell receptors Will not have to memorize enzymes for test Steroid hormones derived from cholesterol made only in a few organs Adrenal cortex of adrenal gland gonads Amino acids -> tryptophan + tyrosine Derived from tryptophan melatonin from pineal gland Derived from tyrosine single rule: to catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine behave like peptide hormones behave like steroid hormones order Dopamine ↓ Norepinephrine ↓ Epinephrine Anterior pituitary secretes 6 hormones prolactin (PRL) thyrotropin (TSH) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) growth hormone (GH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) hypothalamic hormones somatostatin (SS) = growth hormone - inhibiting hormone 4 stages of sleep stage N1 & N2 slow-wave sleep (stage N3) Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep Stage N1 - theta waves stage N2 - sleep spindles stage N3 - delta waves Somnambulism -> sleep walking Anterograde amnesia -> inability to remember new info Short term memory vs long/working memory Reflexive (implicit) memory vs. declarative (explicit) memory Wernicke's area -> understanding language Broca's area -> produces speech Wernickes -> receptive aphasia Brocas -> expressive aphasia Ch. 8 Major neurocrines Acetylcholine (Ach) Amino acids Glutamate: Excitatory -> CNS Aspartate: excitatory -> brain GABA glycine & D serine Neurotransmitters peptides purines gasses diffuse in cells lipids Neurotransmitter release Ca²⁺ rushes in Ca²⁺ binds regulatory proteins divergent pathway vs. convergent pathway Slow synaptic potentials involve G-protein coupled receptors & second messengers Fast synaptic potentials involve ion channels excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) depolarization inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) hyperpolarization Glutamate is key in potentiation Ampa receptors & NMDA receptors