Chapter 3: Intro to Prokaryotic Cells

MICROBIOLOGY CHS Int Prakantot cells Prokaryonal cells are divided imp 2 domares Archana and Bacteng Prokaryotic cells are unicellular, lack a nucleus, lack orgamelles, and have a much immer genetic makeut than tukerverse cells Therm jane bo -archaea inhiter diverse environmental makes (extreme environments), like hot dese-seg vents to the surique of humun skm -archeen linked to homon diseases (mostly bectenia) -Archaea and bactene as different genchcally and bischemically, but its hard to tell them apart based on sito, shape, and cellular arrangement -life stage, environment, nutrients, and certain antimikabie dings affect Prokaryotic therton fatures shapel arrangements linkel to surinkel -sheerlenangement bely & identification of parigens -Share Jarrangement can change in hoctend to chares of causing distase -Pleomorphic bactena can take on different farms (ex-HP) enhances survival important for fronsmust -Prokaryote sue con be from 0-2 munnators (smatest) -0.15 (1995) com'so nekad eye BUT MAST ARE SOFD 05-2DA (MICROMETERS) Think Marganjes wafer FEDERACE (ex my oplecine-one of the smaltest) (auchte Thitmaganile namj bijous me of the largest Bite! MOCI of a pokarvonic com moments are obtained through diffusion A1 Surfare arte-to-one como fapes ettruent diffusion (Small cells have surfare and A surface arta-volgte to dres have chien dithaan Lathese larger hactena have intrecutular inclusions (storage bodies within aced), that house nutrients and reduce the achire stracchuler volume to levels Sten for meismar und Pakane tes -SHAPES (Bach, coca, wibre, stela, Srimanete) Spiraletes home periplastic flagela-frove Spincarlo are similar to crine) shared bastene, but they move in Brosat tay time that 15 due to spennand periflesmic Flagcitem Sprachetes indude Trepe Pastor of syphilis), Borrelia burgdorfer call share psed to group muves Vibris Cholerae (ccusative of chatera) Ccwas and comskarton comptons are Cenital in busiding and mating patayences Mooplasma-lack cell walls and so fary have diversef flexive shapes pectracitovedoval Shared Arrangements dipioline), stree (chain), stars (cluster), palisade (OXYYXL1000 becillicluster Stock throat-caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Staphricaccus (grapecluster-like arrangement) Binary Fission asemaal process in which most prokaryons cels sperature in Asexual reproduction, the offspring me genetically identical Binary fission has 5 MAJDI Steps that will dorado copies its BMA Containing chronos athu DNA replicate cen tungates (draren to opp ends of cell) Cell elongated once cell reaches critical sise, septum begins to form bear the midpur septem forms cen is partitions (almes) seperated by nem cell wall) cell pertinend odl separates cells seperate. Frequency of primary fission (reraduction) difters betricen species and is GREATLY eftected by environmental conditions such as nutment availabnity Ans are surounded be a plasma membrats Sepcoste, extracellular and miracelular structures Prokaryotes also have (elf well that lies outside the plesing memban antumsvonal drags, detergents and disinfectants target cellular structurs to lirit bautines growth. -plasma memorase of prokaryotic cell is thin, flexible, thes Phalered bitaver -plasma membrane is eens mam ruffern for ageraction I exprenment and is also a Cite for metabelle reactims that skarvones sell on make APP budrophilic Phosphates-face outward mater hydrophobic fatty ands-face inward, do like water. water Phobla types of lipids can differ and can be altered in response to stress/enurmamental changes. -membrane proterms Serre as transporters, anchors iteceptis, and enzymes membrane protests linked to sugars (glycoproteins) or lind groups (lipo proteins) that comibute Structural and functional properties to the membrane -Plasma membrane is selectively permealde -proteins also detect changes and bely coordinate responses *LIPId bilayer is NOT STATIC" It is a fhad-mosaic mode the membrane lirids mure around within the bilayer Fluidity allows propkins to relocate where they are most needed in the membrane. fluidity is controlled in response to commonmental stimull and cel needs warm temps-1 fluidity (think: Melts) and temps = froidity think treze ↑ unsaturated fets in cold temps-Improves (1) huidity ↑ Saturated fatty auds in warm temps (6)fluidity Normally unsat fals nauid sat-fals solid)* sterol-based lipids like CHOLESTEROL can also improve fluidity, BUT cholesterol is rarely seen in Prokaryotic calls (15 standard in EUKARYOTIC CELLS) -Aschenrlasma membranes are different from hactenal CBustema-ESTER bonds joun fatty acid topts to glycerol Archer FTHER bonds min grycent to long branched Honds (call (SOPPENOIDS) Beclong-can be bilayered Ballend can only blayer Potager (used to withstand Hote Mandrayne contain unique lipids called tetraether lipids) Tetracther upids are long rund molecules capped on each end Ed polar pead greit These unique membrane adaptations hely archte thrive in harch coardament -prokaryotect wall caters ngid structure and serves as extra layer of protection farm environment arches have more diversity in their cell walis than do hacteng Bactens have rernidoglucan (protein and sugar components) bGlycon chases are made of NAG OF NAM N-acetyl-bamine (MM) of N-tietyt mutamic acid (nam) long strands are cross-linked by short rephides to create a mesh like shattere (Penicillin were's by interfering & rertidoglycan constrichon) Archana hac No peptidogiyarn it has prendopeptidoglycan un cell waits 196 (ram negative (-) Gyram Posihue (1) Stoms Pine Ctrial purple thin partidoglyco penplasmic spere is between inger memad membrane (lural Anth ypical for Game culture will barte true to animals (can cause sopis) peretesne space betwe bas get-like that pe hus Tachen auds (on tor of peptitiponclamor, which moves terity of cell wall and Aues itrerere to perhdwn some lysozyme-antibactenal enzyme abundant In tears, muens, and solve Gram negative thin poptidoglycan layer (2-8 nm) - HARDER TO KILL W/chemical agents than a Gram pocitive thick reptidoglyean layer (20-B0nm) -Gram Outer membrane prondes somenhat extra layer of protection: guards against lysozomes, drugs, detergents disinfectants -Gram (-) outer membrane is das selective as plasma (inner membrane b Of the Porins it has. yorinspores (nonspecific channels that let amino acids, vit, nutrients to pass, but exclude larger molecules and harmful drugs) Ayam (-)-less sensitiu to Penicillins (remember PNC targets peptidoglycan!!) - gram (1) cell wall able to retain moisture longer (b)c of thick Pep bidoglycan) bso they are able to survive more dry environments. -Thick cell wall also protects from crushing abrasion. -Gram (1) have techon auds b stabilize cell wal, maintain shape, transportcasions and and in cel) division Techoic acids help cause disease by promoting adhesion to host tissues and protection from antimicroblul campmund (Staphylococcus aureus-common bactena on our skin) Gram Stain doesn't hork too well with Archaer ble archaea assume a inde ranety of cell woll Structures, atter cell wall based on churonment whereas bacteno usually remain the same throughout gmen speyes. Acid-fast Staining technique deteus a waxy lipid called mycotic acid in cell walls -Waxy layer makes bactena colorfast even when rinsed out I aud Cells appear Pinklred *Best known examples of aad fast buctena Nocardia & mycobacterium aud fast stain derats kprosy causative (mycobactenom leprae) and tuberculosis (mycobactenum tuberculosis) Nocardia lives in soil and may cause skin infections, or lung infections (in the Immunocompromised). -Acid fast baclena Stains eaky & Gram Stain but is still considered Gamt ble the little bit that crosses waxy cell wall, gits retornced. (in crystal violet color purple) nurnents tgases also have hard time getting across the waxy cell wan, - Gwait So acid fast bacteria grow Slowly Drug tx also have crossing difficulties-pits need multiple drugs to tx these infections. Mycoplasrea (and fast bectena) lack a cell wall binstead they have a sterol-enriched plasing methane -mycoplasma normally live inside other cells & benefit from their protection -mycoplasma lire in diretse hosts. -They take on vand shapes (Pleomorphic) -bic they have of cell weat 'L-form- bacteng that used to have a cell wall and then lost it (in life exile for dift mutation -Emmy Kheneberger first coined the term at Lister Institute "-forms" contribute to persistent mfections are resistant to certam environmental theses (boiling/autodaing) ( ATB usually target cell wall structures) passive transport-energy required active transport-energy required. Diffusion the sirermest form of exchange between cells and their tavayment was a passive movement of substances from areas of high concentration to are of low c -diffusion occurs in solidsinquids gases -2 types of diffusion simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion -once concentration is there is no ysore net movement matures Still anthimye to move but the overall concentration doesnt Change) -diffusion does & allow a cell to comentrate a substance on one side of a membrate, my FTT does -Simon diffusion-denogy, & camer, I to concentrations namcharged proteasles, has het Sic -Facilitated diffusion & energy, uses earner paterns, tratop 19mes is het movement of water acumes, a Selective memyme water film salt) concentration of the concentre of Ro concentration of colutes concentration of Siktes WATER IS DRAWN TO SOLUTE CONCENTRATION bimosis almars Ihrabres a selective barner xrmules stops once there is equilibrary in sotato concentration, but Hop Shill -Hypertonte solidson-saluhen with higher soture concentration than insole cell) cell in barutom ic solution wil SHENK SHRINK plasmolysis bacteria stress in hypertonic sumtions (ple salts and sagars Minit bactenal 96 halophiles prokaryotes (Salt loving) that thrive in Sally enviovanents Mypotonic solution-shution a lover soiure conscretion than inside the cell... Wihen cell flered in hurstone soutope the cell bursts be al mater rushes in most basting the in a hypotonic environment and ther cel malls keep thes from lysing ATB can damage cell wall them to tyse (burst) ishonic solution a solution in which the solute concemration thennal to that of the coll internor phen rest placed in soyens serupe, there is het loss or gain of water from the cell Achivemastert mumes my totanset sprancsubstomes thmegh specans of chauvet or camer poleins *Active transport con mor a Substance glong or against a catcatatan polies 9-allonis cells to concentome useful sabistonics rike nutments in their c types of activetranst ummary active transport stundary autive transport 13) phosphationsferase systems, primary above transtuct Smriest model ATF furt's the transport offen used to build son gradicers and to shuttle nutrients across plasma membranes ey Endom-Potassium pump) (2) secondary asdwe meciranison relies on erin son gradient to ank transport -cenral to move a wintry of amino acads and sugars Aupss plasma membranes Crergy released by ftors of an yon such as sodiun from the competation (with its concentration gradient) fuels the trans part of an unrelated substance from to? comuntrinon (agalast 115 Coniceration grader) -AKA Poupic Transport of co-transfut Sveppilt on and range over flow in Soarte chestion where yon and tego sustance to inside Phosphutunterase sUSAEM Akh gumur trangocation transfer a hige energy phocplease from a mare ather the Y so the sales dance berng tran gutch enables the call to contrare the import stake in rachmury -PEP (phaphoenolpYmire) is often the source of peας ρίατες Commmern und to unport glucose into the cell and diredly shuttlk it unto metabolic pathways flagelly Filament litve extracellular Structures built primunty from a postin Called "Flugellin -bactene une flagella for mobility, mortment they work like a otary propeller Heat Stas toma rod-and-ing Structure (hesal body) embedded in the cel ma -Grom (1)-1 rings strare ragellon Gram (-) 4 rings secure fugelam. Flagella pro rel at really fast speeds -Prokaryotes use non-god-timole system that allows then to sense their environment and change their direction whenever rectang run state-move in conversed direction to or away from a stimulus tumble cell slightly tomates around tus environment to sense its turpundings and redisul mare dingly cells more in response to stimules Chemotaxis in resmase to chemie Shmuli Phototaxis in response to light cheataxis-in response to oxygen levels Flagelly Arrangements mayotrichus flagellom-haree singlethagella lophotrichoys flagere tutt/cluster of flagelle at one patent cel Amphitichous flagelgune mare flagella present of peth proks of et THINK AMBOS LADO Periinchous flagelle flagelle are distribda vertell surfact think Perimeter-All around the furameter) Periplasmic Flagella toned in the penplastic space of certen lam ( (Flagdla is within cell insead of extruding for the cell way) Pallow sprockets to more w/ their distinct eartscrew motion, Fimbrac-shirt, bristle-like stredures that extrade from the censurface -made of protein are numerous, cover the earns cel -have adhesive proparies that pele ringangeres shik to surfacts of to fochether for eskashos biotidas of for invading a host -common in gram(-) baitind Sometimes in graw() and arch to Samogela Eu NEED theyre fomise to establish infection's Pilt-symaer to fimbres, but freyre jonger, more naud, and less pomenes -adhere to surfaces, mon, and aid in gene transter torsues (Imusarjen GENE TRANSFER Neisseria gonorrhoeae (cousine ofgewonhee) elves on rin to establich techn Type IN pin we agliding meeshonisos called twitches mehity Pill al lack and retest peamer that "shing shots bacterio tod -Pseudomonas densiness uses pili to move along surfaces... Glycocalyx-attione leer of miecha erlernel betind shicke carlebydate-engched layer (sugar coup) -can be losely or togblly ago Tell wal -helps bestene Dock to host tissues pesmirish mechan encourases adhesion for bation fromenion Pritets ces hon dryngout -Protestun egomst Ar Sume layer-lausely assun -capsule pathogenicity will tomates adresan to her rises and porndes protection against host immune cells by imresting t thuguetes -prokaryotes have cytopla lack organelles so bile of this trost af their pochenion reactions car in plasm for strege and non-münbitte payed gunler Such As nusiwes Prokanbers have memnons inclusions that they use PRA is in voedend the sc 4in sinquit, arcuter chromostne Naujood diso bas somesh and pricin Madent boundants se distinct Ribssences-Gruppeles made of post and poten, build puttins by laking bad Prokaryotic theeseme have lower overall mos/digme -Sedimentation rate is dit ofανεις ευγρής ίωση -Prokaryote nonames are made of of 2 Submits lange sumint 505 Smaller serrat mcmcm botes dushind correctnes of substances inside Profanets, cens (Unit of insaluble gritounes or ate bound για περιου (305) -backera suaby build invasions in timer of exest Fluch paremals can be used in jenner times EX-Cyanobactene bactena recycle carbon in our accons cells cany out the task Ithe help of protein-coated inclusions called carboxyumes that are packed & carbon-fixing encames Endospores (bactenal spore)-metabolically inactive stingctures that altern certain cells to enter a dormant state Once endospore released called a 'spore! Bactenal spores are highly resistant to environmental Stres such as starostor, heat, dryna, freezing, radiation or chemicals -When environmental conditions are favorable, spores turn back into regulative state (ac considered reproductire -most sport-forming bactene is Gram (1) but some gram(-) can form engles -Bacillos, clostridion, clisindindes (glams) (an have cell walls (melromised when undegung soove tormation, leading them to appear exam-variable - endocrores allons dangerous pathomes to sarvik for extended periods of three on sarfare When endospores enter a host, they experience & nutnent rich enimmat and the retire readily guminate into vegetatore Cals with a couple of hrs and establish intection Spares stain green, appear Strall and sphernet shared on the stide Sparulation: promess of forming an endspare Locell copies as genetik morenal and Then partager if I heroes and coilgomes it need to serven to a vegetative state into a compact Strioture Called the SPORF CORF cal surrounds the spore core Theat/chomion) Resistant Inyers (Mzo of spores and dense coat make, spores heat reestant) -Spures also hars high amount of DIPICOLINK ACID that (antonbutes to hardiness by Stabilizing ping Packaged moy the spore and adding heat resistance to the overal crore stratare -Once fully forme, it released becoming free spore -rest of cell defemorates as a waste, product