Chapter 5: Microbiology Genetics

CH5 Miembiology Genches -genomes all the genes found in a smgle organism. Gregor mendel was able to prove that genes were able to be possefer thirrigh generation anss plants and predict genotype based off 1/2nd generation presented. -eukaryotes have large genopes -DNA is double stranded-harder to break don #of gunes does comelate I how adranced an organisplis (geres you have, shore complus sed likely eukaryote) # of chromosomes doesn't mean anything elsber INA is wrapped in histoncs to protect when needed for replication, it seperates (used to package sin) Plasmds-important for bactenal survival - Sugar, base, phosphate group make up a nucleutide nucleotides in long chain- Sugar, bege-nucleocide. Mucleic acid (DNA) Pyramidines (eur) (TU) Interchangeble. Uracil 15 only for RNA A, G, C, T (Nitrogen bases actually has hitrogen) A-T 3 as far as painng Paining RNA G-C) INA A- 4-C -DNA strands are connected by Hydrogen Bands In one and Hydraxel group on the other a hydrogen Hydrogen band RNA can also form a doubles trand although the usual single 3-types of RNA tRNA cames the gone ③RRNA RNA embedded in RNA and can act as an enzyme (they believe RNA come before DNA) Helpst process of translation 146 Usually DNA RNA protein In some cases Horeverseh KAA-ONA (ASSOM THIY) -Burtonal DNA replication is simpler ble its just canslat -you accumulate matations as you get older be eprors are made in replication mutattines Can lead to cancers, diseases etc. -we han encymes that avied more liangles in DPD Gyrase and topeisomerases, they decrease the stress -You can't add DNA, unless you have a RMA Primer, then you add prut bases DNA pominerase lll-main workhorse-adding all nudentides to make strand. DNA plymerasel-remores KnAgrares, Mpatireplaces I DINA DNAugase-Forms bonds to sealnicks. -DNA replication starts af origin of replication replication fork. Keep I strand from the parent and one strand is new. -Prmosome are the first to bind at the point of onge Alway read DNA from prптер 3mm (51-31 There will always be a leading and a lagging strand. -The lagging Strand need's continues prives by DNA FOI III to keep up! Othersinse the process wouldfulke even longer. Protein Sunthesis hore to make RNA thmegh transcriptim then have menA read to make item. vinese do reverse transcription (AMADING) they use reverse transcriptase -3 mainstens in transcmption Initiation-offiliate -takes place in the neeelers for eukaryotes elongation adding micteerides in the cytoplash for prokaryotes termination-sive transimptom ANA pllymerase makes KNA. ANA-sequence for proteind TRMA canned the amine and to nibosomes KKNA -able to facilitate enzymatinc reactions/ Ein eukaryotic cells only MENA and KRNA are in nucleue) I-get nd of introns, keep the exon -1 amino acid for every & myckotides NUG-Its always going to be the start codon doesn't matter if your MA math (anime) GAR, UAG, UGA-are the stop codons. Genetic codes exhibt redund anay Translation also has initiation Belongation ⑤ termination (lis arand prouess) -folloned by adding Dodeeds its identified by the stor codens post-translati mal modifications Hevery Bructeutides 18 accordion) -constitutmegenes-dimous tond in alle Facultative genes-only express of when you read them ↳ In response to environment change - Dome PARNA'S can control 17ntem syntheses pre-translational modificatiom/regulation Tran sunphol races-pmost an proteins can wind to promoters and promote protein synthesis operons set of gones that are expressed based on need or repressed based on necedit 5 lack operon enusde enzymes that break & laesse most bactend favor guilor, Butif basternn does of have glucose, but there's lactose, the lactose operon will tum on, and you will be able to use lactose... -most of the time, its suppressed. -Induu ble operens repressible operon -always on, but if needed off by default, Unless you need to turo it you turm tin- ex: repressible operon is arginine Baetena can cummumine e eachother allows them to see what is ontorke Quorom sensing -mutation is just a change in DNA sequense silent mutation does affect the end product (Hs also substitution mutation ta single insertion can lead to missense or nonsensense mutation reversun mutation- go back to original nucleotide conect for the mittake" -Mutagens the raters mutations Theres chemical, physical, biological mutagens carrangem cause matation ofeancers ACES TEST There is sperte en zigmes that thep reppure mens in ne -Bantenacan sure well bli tay bonesertival and honzantal zone transfer Hornavital transfer done --transfer of oma betreen betterma Transformation transfer is called conjugation. is of gente material Jone of thembas lion to have a pallus bactenopliage does transduction, Transposons-"jumping gones" -Conjugation requires feruirty plastmed to encode the pilus and be abto to attad If a basserna cell dos os have a pillus, they can get the protein that e mudes pilmes trom another weekend and then cl Make their own pillus- Honzantal transfer Intro of CH.6-for midterm. 5k total buton taczomfed human 390 vitises that congetus sicke 8% of our genone is viral DNA they are obligateuntracellular pathogens-they can of sumve outsid Walluse your Dua/Kompolymerase and abusones 6.4