Protein Synthesis  Proteins are responsible for cellular function and development  Essential for all living things Protein Synthesis  DNA codes for manufacture of proteins Transcription  Process of making an RNA that is complimentary to a strand of DNA Transcription  In the cell nucleus, enzymes split the DNA molecule in half at the nucleotide bonds  Each single strand is known as RNA Transcription When this occurs, the base Thymine changes to Uracil  One of these strands will code for protein synthesis  Known as mRNA messenger RNA  mRNA Carries DNA information from the nucleus to the ribosomes  When mRNA reaches the ribosomes, translation begins.  Translation Process of a cell beginning to build a protein (amino acid)  Three base pair unit binds to a complimentary unit on the mRNA – tRNA  tRNA Transfer RNA  Serves as the acceptor / bridge for amino acid production  tRNA   For every possible RNA three unit nucleotide combination, there is a corresponding amino acid Long chains of amino acids bind to them and become proteins. DNA Isolation  Process of extracting and separating DNA from all other cell materials DNA Isolation Cell wall is broken open  Done by grinding  Digest cellular components  Heating with a detergent  DNA Isolation Separate polar compounds  Dissolve lipids in the nuclear membranes  Extract and precipitate the DNA  DNA Isolation Remove the top aqueous layer with a pipette and place into cold absolute alcohol  DNA may be spooled or collected onto a glass stirring rod 