Cardiovascular System Anatomy and Physiology Quiz (Review)

Review questions 1 1.! Trace one drop of blood from the time it enters the right atrium of the heart until it enters the left atrium. What is this circuit called? •! VenaCava - RightAtrium - RightVentricle - PulmonaryArtery - Lungs - PulmonaryVeins LeftAtrium - LeftVentrical - Aorta-Body Called the Pulminary Circuit 2.! Name three different factors that increase heart rate •! Exercise, blood loss, drugs 3.! Name three factors that are important in promoting Venous return. •! Physical activity, elevating your feet, hydration 4.! Define systolic pressure and diastolic pressure •! Systolic Pressure: the pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic pressure: the pressure when the ventricles are relaxing 5.! Why is hypertension called the "silent killer"? •! No warning signs or symptoms 6.! Name 3 changes in your lifestyle that might help prevent cardiovascular disease in your old age. •! Avoiding stress, Regular/moderate exercise program, no smoking 7.! John is a 30-year-old man who is overweight and smokes. He has been diagnosed with hypertension and arteriosclerosis. Define each of these conditions. How are they often related? Why is hypertension called silent killer? Name three changes in your lifestyle that might help prevent cardiovascular disease in your old age. •! Hypertension: High blood pressure •! Arteriosclerosis- hardening of arteries •! Relation: arteriosclerosis is caused by hypertension. People who have high blood pressure are more likely to have coronary artery disease •! Hypertension is called the Silent Killer because it has no obvious symptoms to indicate that something is wrong. Three Changes: exercise, proper sleep, don't smoke 8.! Mrs. Hamad, A middle-aged woman, is admitted to the coronary care unit with a diagnosis of left ventricle failure resulting from a myocardial infarction. Her chart indicates that she was awakened in the middle of the night by severe chest pain. Her skin is pale and cold, and moist sounds of pulmonary edma are heard over the lower regions of both lungs. Explain how failure of the left ventricle might cause these signs and symptoms. •! If her left ventricle has failed, her heart cannot effectively pump blood out into the rest of the body. As a result, her skin is pale and cold because it is not getting enough blood flow to it, and her lungs become congested and edematous since blood cannot be effectively pumped out and so it gets backed up. 9.! Hannah, a 14-year-old girl undergoing of physical examination before being admitted to summer camp, was found to have a loud heart murmur at the second intercostal space on the left side of the sternum. The murmur takes the form of a swishing sound with no high-pitched whistle. What, exactly, is producing the murmur? •! The heart murmur is occurring in the pulmonary valve because it was indicated that the heart murmur is occurring in the intercostal space of the left side the sternum. Normally, blood flows silently as long as the flow is uninterrupted. However, if there are obstructions, the blood flow begins to generates sounds. The swishing sound murmur is produced by the pulmonary valve failing to close properly which results in the back flow of blood when the valves should have been closed. 10.!Mrs. Rees is brought to the emergency room after being involved in an auto accident. She is hemorrhaging and has a rapid tready poles but her blood pressure is still within normal limits. Describe the compensatory mechanisms that are maintaining her blood pressure in the face of blood loss. •! Her body will try to keep her pulse down. She's trying to build blood clots in all the different places she's bleeding from. 11.!During a lethal heart attack a blood clot lodges in the first part of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery blocking blood flow through this vessel. What parts of the heart will become ischemic and die? •! Parts of the left ventricle, specifically parts of the lateral left border and the posterior border will become ischemic and may die of the left circumflex artery is blocked. 12.!Mr. Grimaldi was previously diagnosed as having a posterior pituitary tumor that cause hypersecretion of ADH. He comes to the clinic regularly to have his blood pressure checked. Would you expect his blood pressure to be chronically elevated or depressed? Why? •! His blood pressure should be chronically elevated because hypersecretion of ADH causes excess water retention by the kidneys, leading to perpetually high blood pressure. 13.!Grandma tells Hailey not to swim for 30 minutes after eating. Explain why taking a vigorous swim immediately after lunch is more likely to cause indigestion and cramping of your muscles. •! Blood flow is increased to areas of non-need due to constriction and dilation of arterioles as blood will flow down pathway of least resistance. Competition for blood flow between the GI tract, which needs more blood circulation for absorption, and the skeletal muscles, which simultaneously need more blood for exercise, will cause indigestion much quicker than muscle cramping 14.!The guards at the royal Palace and London stand at attention while on duty. On a very hot day, it is not unusual for one (or more) to become lightheaded and faint. Explain the phenomenon. •! When they stand all day without moving their leg muscles, blood pools in their lower limb veins and cannot adequately return to the heart. If it is a very hot day and they are additionally losing volume via sweat, it is possible they will not be able to pump enough blood up to adequately perfuse their brains which causes them to become light-headed and faint. 15.!your friend Joanie, who knows little about science, is reading a magazine article about a patient who had an aneurysm at the base of the brain that suddenly grew much larger. The surgeons' first goal was to "keep it from rupturing," and the second goal was to "relieve pressure on the brain stem and cranial nerves." The surgeons were able to "replace the aneurysm with a section of plastic tubing," so the patient recovered. Joanie asks you what all this means. •! The surgeon's first goal was to keep the aneurysm from rupturing because if it were to rupture it can cause severe hemorrhage, other complications and sudden death. The second thing the surgeons wanted to do was relieve the pressure on the brain stem and cranial nerves because if not relieved will result in brain damage to the patient. The last thing the surgeon wants to do is sew in a section of plastic tubing to prevent aneurysm's in the future and to secure the blood vessel. Multiple-Choice Quiz 1.! Cardiac output is __________. a)! the amount of blood filling each ventricle at the end of diastole b)! the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during every ventricular contraction c)! the number of impulses fired by the SA node in one minute d)! the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute e)! the number of times the heart beats in one minute 2.! Choose the correct sequence of current flow through the heart wall. a)! SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches b)! Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, SA node c)! AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches d)! SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers e)! AV node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches 3.! During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the __________. a)! right ventricle and moves to the lungs b)! right ventricle and goes directly to the aorta c)! right atrium and goes directly to the left ventricle d)! left ventricle and moves to the lungs e)! right atrium and goes directly to the lungs 4.! During systemic circulation, blood leaves the __________. a)! right ventricle and goes directly to the aorta b)! right ventricle and moves to the lungs c)! left ventricle and goes directly to the aorta d)! lungs and moves to the left atrium e)! right atrium and goes directly to the lungs 5.! Identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart. a)! right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right atrium b)! lungs, right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium, left atrium c)! left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right ventricle, right atrium d)! left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, right atrium, lungs e)! right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle 6.! The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which __________. a)! a cardiac muscle cannot respond to any stimulus and lasts only 1 to 2 milliseconds b)! the muscle cell is not in a position to respond to a stimulus of any strength c)! the muscle cell is ready to respond to any stimulus d)! a skeletal muscle cannot respond to any stimulus and lasts about 250 milliseconds e)! the muscle cell is ready to respond to a threshold stimulus 7.! The cardiac cycle includes all of the following events EXCEPT __________. a)! the changes in blood volume in all chambers of the heart b)! the changes in pressure gradients in all chambers of the heart c)! the closing and opening of the heart valves during each heartbeat d)! the number of times the heart beats in one minute e)! the movement of impulse from the SA node to all regions of the heart wall 8.! The coronary arteries arise from the __________. a)! aorta b)! right atrium c)! superior vena cava d)! inferior vena cava e)! pulmonary trunk 9.! The endocardium is composed of __________. a)! stratified squamous epithelium b)! simple squamous epithelium c)! simple cuboidal epithelium d)! simple columnar epithelium e)! cardiac muscle cells 10.!The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the__________. a)! right atrium b)! left ventricle c)! aorta d)! right ventricle e)! left atrium 11.!The inner lining of the fibrous pericardium is formed by the __________. a)! endocardium b)! parietal layer of serous pericardium c)! pericardial cavity d)! myocardium e)! epicardium f)! diaphragm g)! 12.!The interventricular septum forms a dividing wall between the __________. a)! left atrium and left ventricle b)! right atrium and right ventricle c)! left atrium and right atrium d)! left and right ventricles e)! right ventricle and left atrium 13.!The normal pacemaker of the heart is the __________. a)! Purkinje fibers b)! SA node c)! AV bundle d)! the bundle branches e)! AV node 14.!The tricuspid valve is located between the __________. a)! right and left atria b)! left atrium and left ventricle c)! right ventricle and the aorta d)! right and left ventricles e)! right atrium and right ventricle 15.!When the mitral valve closes, it prevents the backflow of blood from the __________. a)! right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk b)! right atrium into the right ventricle c)! left ventricle into the aorta d)! left ventricle into the left atrium e)! left atrium into the left ventricle 16.!Which is the correct sequence of layers in the heart wall, starting with the outer layer? a)! epicardium, myocardium, endocardium b)! endocardium, epicardium, myocardium c)! parietal pericardium, myocardium, endocardium d)! endocardium, smooth muscle, epicardium e)! myocardium, pericardium, endocardium 17.!Which of the following statements is NOT true about the shape, position, and location of the heart? a)! The heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pleural membrane. b)! The heart is located between the two lungs within the mediastinum. c)! The heart is shaped like a cone with the base facing the right shoulder. d)! Approximately two-thirds of the heart is found to the left of the midline. 18.!The vessels that carry oxygen to the myocardium are called __________. a)! aortic arteries b)! pulmonary arteries c)! coronary veins d)! coronary arteries e)! pulmonary veins 19.!The cells of the myocardium behave as a single, coordinated unit called a __________. a)! cardiac cycle b)! contractile unit c)! functional syncytium d)! sarcomere e)! pacemaker 20.!The ability of some cardiac muscle cells to initiate their own depolarization and cause depolarization of the rest of the heart is called __________. a)! automaticity b)! an action potential c)! the absolute refractory period d)! fibrillation e)! a functional syncytium 21.!Guided by powerful signaling molecules, the human heart develops from __________. a)! endoderm b)! mesoderm c)! cardioderm d)! ectoderm 22.!Which of the following structures lies on the outside surface of the heart and is an integral part of the cardiac wall? e)! the fibrous pericardium f)! the parietal layer of serous pericardium g)! the pericardial sac h)! the epicardium 23.!The trabeculae carneae are located in the __________. a)! endocardium b)! ventricles c)! epicardium d)! atrium 24.!What part of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump? a)! the right atrium b)! the left ventricle c)! the right ventricle d)! the left atrium 25.!The __________ are attached to the AV valve flaps. a)! pectinate muscles b)! chordae tendineae c)! trabeculae carneae d)! papillary muscles 26.!Which of the following valves is most often faulty in the heart? a)! the tricuspid valve b)! the pulmonary semilunar valve c)! the aortic semilunar valve d)! the mitral, or bicuspid, valve 27.!Which of the following factors gives the myocardium its high resistance to fatigue? a)! a very large number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm b)! gap junctions c)! the coronary circulation d)! the presence of intercalated discs 28.!The __________ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the sinoatrial (SA) node. a)! accessory b)! hypoglossal c)! vagus d)! facial 29.!An enlarged R wave on an ECG would indicate __________. a)! repolarization abnormalities b)! an enlarged ventricle c)! a myocardial infarction d)! cardiac ischemia 30.!A doctor puts his stethoscope on a patient's chest over the location of the heart and hears a swishing sound. Which of the following conditions is the best diagnosis for the patient's condition? a)! cardiac tamponade b)! incompetent cardiac valve c)! myocardial infarction d)! angina pectoris