Lab 4 Histology

Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Lab 4: Histology Objectives for this Lab: 1. List the four types of tissues in the body and how each is classified. 2. Identify and differentiate between the various types of epithelial tissues when viewed through a microscope. 3. Compare the different types of connective tissues and describe where in the body they are found. 4. Identify the following types of connective tissue under a microscope: areolar, adipose, dense regular, cartilage (hyaline and elastic), bone and blood. 5. List the three types of muscle tissue and compare their basic differences in appearance and type of contraction. 6. Differentiate between the three types of muscle tissue when viewed through a microscope. 7. Identify a neuron under a microscope and describe its primary regions. Overview: Histology is the study of tissues in the body. Tissues are groups of similar cells (and their extracellular material) that work together to perform a similar function. There are four major types of tissues in the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. The types of tissues vary greatly in their structure, composition and function. Epithelial tissue consists of cells that are closely packed together and is found covering body surfaces and lining organs and body cavities. Connective tissue consists of widely spread cells and an abundance of extracellular material. The many different types of connective tissue show great diversity, but function primarily in binding, protecting and supporting surrounding structures. Muscle tissue is composed of long branching cells that collectively function to move parts of the body or substances throughout the body. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. Nervous tissue is made up of only two types of cells: neurons and neuroglia. Neurons conduct electrical impulses throughout our body and allow our organ systems to communicate with one another. The glial cells support and protect these important neurons. In lab today, we will be discussing the various tissues, their characteristics and where they are found in the body. The microscopes will be used to identify each of the types of epithelial, connective and muscle tissues, as well as neurons and glial cells. You will be required to differentiate between these tissues listed in the following exercises. 43 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Pre Pre-La -La -Lab b Qu Quest est estion ion ions: s: 1. List the four types of tissues in the body: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which statements are true regarding epithelial tissue? Check all that apply. __ __ it is composed of scattered cells and an abundance of extracellular material __✔__ it is avascular __✔__ it has a high rate of cell division __✔__ it consists of closely packed cells and little extracellular material __ __ it has a rich blood supply __ __ it may be found covering the body surface and lining organs and cavities true 3. True or False. Connective tissue is highly vascular. _________ 4. Match the following types of epithelial tissue with its location in the body: C _____ stratified squamous D _____ transitional epithelium B _____ pseudostratified columnar A _____ simple squamous E _____ simple cuboidal A. lines the heart, blood vessels and alveoli B. lines airways of the respiratory tract C. epidermis of the skin D. lines the urinary bladder E. lines the kidney tubules and ducts of glands Areolar Connective Tissue 5. What type of connective tissue makes up the dermis of the skin? __________________ 6. Which of the following statements are true regarding cartilage? Check all that apply. __ __ it has a rich blood supply __ __ it is a type of connective tissue __ __ its mature cells are called osteocytes __✔__ the three types are hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage __✔__ it is avascular false 7. True or False. Tendons and ligaments are made up of elastic connective tissue. ______ False 8. True of False. Blood is a type of connective tissue. ____________ 9. List the three types of Muscle Tissue. skeletal ________________________ cardiac ________________________ smooth ________________________ 10. The type of cells in the nervous system that can conduct electrical impulses are called neurons ________________________. skeletal 11.Which type of muscle is voluntary, striated and multi-nucleated? __________________ 44 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Lab Exercises: Exe Exerci rci rcisse 4.1 .1:: Id Iden en entific tific tificat at atio ion of EEp pith ithelia elia eliall TTiissu ssue eU Unde nde nderr the M Micr icr icrosc osc oscope ope Identify the following types of epithelial tissue under the microscope using the pictures that are provided for you. A. Simple Squamous: single layer of flattened cells Question: 1. Why is it important that the alveoli in the lungs are lined with simple squamous epithelium? simple squamous allows oxygen to enter the blood in the capillaries in the lungs _____________________________________________________________________ 45 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab B. Simple Cuboidal: single layer of cube-shaped cells 46 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab C. Simple Columnar: single layer of elongated cells; can be ciliated or non-ciliated D. Question: 1. Describe the appearance of the nuclei of the simple columnar cells. nuclei are dense around the outer edges and then lightly distributed through the rest 47 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab E. Pseudostratified Columnar: single layer of cells that appear to be multiple layers; can be ciliated or non-ciliated Question: 1. What is the function of the cilia on the pseudostratified cells that line the respiratory tract? It acts to protect against potential pathogens or foreign particles _____________________________________________________________________ 48 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab F. Stratified Squamous: multiple layers of cells with flattened surface cells Question: 1. What is the primary function of stratified squamous tissue and relate that to its location in the body. It acts to protect and it is found in parts of the body that experience great wear and tear. _____________________________________________________________________ 49 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab G. Stratified Cuboidal: 2 or more layers of cube-shaped cells (usually only 2 layers) 50 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab H. Stratified Columnar: two or more layers of cells, but only surface cells are columnar 51 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab I. Transitional Epithelium: cells may be cuboidal or flattened Question: 1. Why is it important that the urinary bladder is lined with transitional epithelium? to accommodate fluctuation of volume of the liquid _____________________________________________________________________ 52 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 4.2 .2:: Ide dentif ntif ntifica ica icatio tio tion n of C Conn onn onnec ec ectiv tiv tive e Tiss issue ue Und nder er th the e Mic icros ros roscop cop cope e Identify the following types of connective tissue under the microscope using the pictures that are provided for you. A. Areolar Connective Tissue: most widely distributed and diverse connective tissue Question: 1. When looking at the slides, what are some identifying characteristics of areolar connective tissue? little things that look like hairs, and an extreme lack of patterns ____________________________________________________________________ 53 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab B. Adipose: made up of cells called adipocytes Question: 1. Why do the cells appear to be “empty”? What is contained within those spaces? fat within the cells _____________________________________________________________________ 54 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab C. Reticular Connective Tissue: forms the stroma (structural framework) of some organs Be able to identify this tissue from a picture. You will not be looking at a microscope slide of this type of tissue. 55 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab D. Dense Regular Connective Tissue: forms tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses Question: 1. What is the primary function of collagen and why is it important that tendons and ligaments have a high abundance of it? _____________________________________________________________________ 56 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab E. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: forms the dermis of the skin Be able to identify this tissue from a picture. You will not be looking at a microscope slide of this type of tissue. 57 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab F. Elastic Connective Tissue: form structures that require high elasticity Be able to identify this tissue from a picture. You will not be looking at a microscope slide of this type of tissue. 58 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab G. Cartilage: provides strength, support and flexibility You will need to be able to identify the 3 types of cartilage from a picture, but will be looking at the slides of just hyaline and elastic cartilage. Hyaline Cartilage: Elastic Cartilage: 59 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Fibrocartilage: Question: 1. Why is the healing rate of cartilage much slower than that of other types of connective tissue? ___________________________________________________________________ 60 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab H. Bone: provides strong support, protection and attachment points for skeletal muscle Question: 1. One of the primary histological functions of bone tissue is to produce blood cells. Where in the bone tissue does this occur? _______________________________________________ 61 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab I. Blood: contains a liquid portion (plasma) and cellular components (red and white blood cells and platelets) Question: 1. When viewing a blood sample, what is the predominant blood cell seen? _____________________________________________________________________ 62 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 4.3 .3:: Ide dentif ntif ntifica ica icatio tio tion n of M Muscl uscl uscle e Tis isssue U Unde nde nderr the Micro icrosco sco scope pe Identify the following types of muscle tissue under the microscope using the pictures that are provided for you. A. Skeletal Muscle: appears striated and has multiple nuclei per cell; voluntary 63 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab B. Cardiac Muscle: appears striated with one single nucleus per cell; involuntary C. Smooth Muscle: each cell contains one single nucleus and no striations; involuntary 64 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Question: 1. What structure does cardiac muscle contain that skeletal muscle does not, to help intercalated disks differentiate the two? ____________________________________________ What is this structure’s function? to allow the cardiac muscle cells to communicate simultaneously; can communicate electrically _____________________________________________________________________ Exe Exerci rci rcisse 4.4 .4:: Iden entific tific tificatio ation of Nervo rvous us Tiss issu ue U Unde nde nderr tthe he M Micro icro icrosco sco scope pe Identify and differentiate between the two types of cells that make up nervous tissue: the neuron and the many glial cells. Identify the following structures on the neuron: nucleus, axon and dendrites. Question: 1. What is the primary functional difference between the neurons and the glial cells? neurons conduct electrical impulses and glial cells unable to- they support neurons _____________________________________________________________________ 65 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Pos Post-L t-L t-Laab Quest estion ion ions: s: stomach 1. Select an organ in the body that would possess all four types of tissues. ____________ a. Draw/Label the different tissues in that organ. b. What might the function of the 4 types of tissues be in that organ? Epithelial Tissue: eudotreium ____________________________________________________ blood Connective Tissue: ___________________________________________________ Muscular Tissue: smooth ____________________________________________________ innervation Nervous Tissue: _____________________________________________________ 66 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab 2. A) Identify the types of tissue you see in the image above. adipose columnar epithelium B) Given the different types of tissue you identified speculate on the location in the body and the function of the structure in the image above. trachea 67 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab 3. A) Identify the types of tissue you see in the image above. B) Given the different types of tissue you identified speculate on the location in the body and the function of the structure in the image above. 68