Lab 6 Skeletal System Appendicular Skeleton

Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Lab 6: Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton Objectives for this Lab: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Locate the bones of the pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula. Identify the listed features of the scapula and differentiate between left and right. Identify the features listed for the humerus, ulna and radius of the upper extremity. Differentiate between the carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges in the wrist and hand. Identify the three fused osa coxae bones and distinguish between left and right. Locate the listed features of the ilium, ishium and pubis. Identify the listed features of the femur, patella, tibia and fibula of the lower extremity. Differentiate between the tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges in the foot and ankle. Overview: In last week’s lab, the bones of the axial skeleton and their listed features were labeled and identified. You will be proceeding with the bones of the appendicular skeleton in lab this week. The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones found in the upper and lower extremities and their associated pectoral and pelvic girdles. Not only will you be identifying these bones and their features, but it will also be important for you to understand how they articulate with one another. Remember that the skeletal system consists of the bones and the structures that support and connect the individual bones. You will be discussing the anatomy and physiology of joints in lecture, but you will be observing in lab how the articulating surfaces of bones can determine the quantity and type of motion at these joints. 96 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Pre-Lab Activity: Please read thoroughly and proceed to the lab exercises. Prior to coming to lab next week, label the structures listed in the lab exercises for the Appendicular Skeleton. You will be required to identify only the bones and their landmarks that are listed under each of the lab exercises. You can use Chapter 8 from your textbook to assist you with this process and you will be accessing the ebook on the IPads during the lab. As with last week’s lab, your goal will be to identify the listed bones and their parts by hands-on observation. Always feel free to ask questions of your instructor, but be sure you are patient enough to try to learn the bones by handling them yourself. The learning pace and process will be dictated by what is most efficient for you and your lab partners. You will have access to the bones in the Resource Center where a full set will be provided for you. It is strongly recommended that you review the bones here several times over the course of the next 2 or 3 weeks. The Skeletal and Muscular Systems are very closely connected. Several of the bony structures were selected because they are attachment sites for many of the muscles that we will be learning in the next section. The parts of the bones that serve as attachment sites (origins or insertions) will be underlined as they are listed in the lab exercises. 97 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Lab Exercises: Exe Exerci rci rcisse 6.1 .1:: The Pec ector tor toral al Gir irdle dle The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula. Identify the following features of the clavicle and scapula. S. Clavicle o Distinguish between the sternal (medial) end and acromial (lateral) end. sternal acromial 98 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab T. Scapula: Identify the following features of the scapula. o Acromion o Coracoid Process o Glenoid Fossa (cavity) o Subscapular Fossa o Supraspinous Fossa o Infraspinous Fossa o Scapular spine o Be able to distinguish between a left and right scapula acromion supraspinous fossa coracoid process scapular spine glenoid fossa infraspinous fossa acromion subscapular fossa coracoid process 99 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 6.2 .2:: The Up Uppe pe perr LLimb imb The upper limb consists of the humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. A. Humerus: The humerus articulates with the scapula proximally and the radius and ulna distally. Label and locate the following structures found on the humerus. o Head o Great tubercle o Lesser tubercle o Intertubercular groove o Deltoid tuberosity o Olecranon fossa o Medial epicondyle o Lateral epicondyle o Distinguish between left and right head/great tubercle olecranon fossa great tubercle lesser tubercle medial epicondyle intertubercular groove 100 deltoid tuberosity lateral epicondyle Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab B. Radius: The radius is located on the lateral aspect of the forearm. Label and locate the following structures. o Head (proximal end) o Radial tuberosity o Styloid process head radial tuberosity styloid processs C. Ulna: The ulna is located on the medial aspect of the forearm. Label and locate the following structures. o Head (distal end) o Olecranon process o Coronoid process o Styloid process olecranon process coronoid process head styloid process 101 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab D. Carpal Bones: There are 8 carpal bones that make up the wrist. Label and identify the following carpal bones. o Proximal row from lateral to medial o scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform o Distal row from lateral to medial o trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate trapezium capitate hamate pisiform trapezoid triquetrum scaphoid lunate 102 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab E. Label the following bones of the Hand: o 5 Metacarpal bones: named 1 – 5, lateral to medial o 14 Phalanges (2 in the thumb and 3 in the other fingers) o divided into proximal, middle and distal phalanx distal phalanx phalanges middle phalanx proximal phalanx metacarpal carpal 103 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 6.3 .3:: The Pelvi lvicc Gi Girrdle The osa coxa is made up of 3 fused bones: the ilium, ishium and pubis. o distinguish between left and right o the acetabulum is the large socket where the head of the femur articulates H. Ilium: Identify the following features of the ilium. o Iliac crest o Anterior superior and inferior iliac spine o Posterior superior iliac spine I. Ishium: Identify the following features of the ishium. o Ischial Tuberosity o Obturator Foramen J. Pubis: Identify the following features of the pubis. o Pubic crest o Pubic symphysis (joint where both pubic bones articulate anteriorly) anterior superior iliac spine iliac crest posterior superior iliac anterior inferior iliac spine acetabulum ischial tuberosity Pubic crest obturator foramen K. Comparison of the Male and Female Pelvis o Compare the male and female pelvis and try to develop some clues that differentiate the two. 104 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 6. 6.4 4: The LLo owe werr Lim imb b The lower limb consists of the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. C. Femur: The femur articulates with the pelvic bone proximally (acetabulum) and with the tibia distally. Locate and label the following structures of the femur. o Head and Neck o Greater and Lesser Trochanters o Linea aspera o Medial and Lateral Epicondyles o Medial and Lateral Condyles o Distinguish between left and right greater tronchanter head neck lesser tronchanter linea aspera lateral epicondyle medial epicondyle medial epicondyle lateral epicondyle medial condyle lateral condyle medial condyle 105 lateral condyle Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab D. Patella: The patella is a sesamoid bone which forms within a tendon or ligament. o Be able to distinguish the Base (superior aspect) from the Apex (inferior aspect). base apex 106 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab E. Tibia: The tibia is the only weight-bearing bone in the lower leg and is located on the medial aspect. Label and identify the following features of the tibia. o Tibial tuberosity o Lateral condyle o Medial condyle o Medial malleolus (medial/inside of your ankle) lateral condyle medial condyle tibial tuberosity medial malleolus 107 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab F. Fibula: The fibula is located on the lateral aspect of the lower leg and does not come into direct contact with the femur (non-weight bearing bone). Label and locate the following two portions of the fibula. o Head (proximal end) o Lateral malleolus (lateral/outside of your ankle) head lateral malleolus 108 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab G. Tarsals: There are 7 tarsal bones that form the ankle. Label and identify the following tarsal bones. o Talus (distal end of tibia rests on) o Calcaneous (heel bone) o 3 cuneiform bone o 1 navicular o 1 cuboid H. Locate and label the following bones of the Foot: o 5 Metatarsals (numbered 1-5 from the great toe) o 14 Phalanges (2 in the great toe and 3 in the other toes) talus calcaneal navicular cuboid lateral cuneiform medial cuneiform intermediate cuneiform talus navicular cuboid 109 calcaneus Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab fibula tibia tarsal metatarsal phalanges proximal phalanges distal phalanges medial phalanges Exe Exerci rci rcisse 6. 6.5 5: Le Left ft and R Righ igh ightt You will need to be able to distinguish a left from a right bone for the following 4 bones: o Upper Extremity: Scapula and Humerus o Lower Extremity: Coxa bone and Femur 110 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Pos Post-L t-L t-Laab Quest estion ion ions: s: 1. An archaeologist uncovers a fragile skeleton in some ancient remains. They create an engraving and send it to an anatomical expert, you. Try to identify the gender of the remains solely from the pelvic remains. 2. The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is the most mobile joint in the body. a. What is the relationship between mobility and stability of a joint? the more mobile a joint, the less stable __________________________________________________________________ b. What features of this joint allow it to be the most mobile joint in the body? it is the least stable and has ligaments around it __________________________________________________________________ c. What are some of the specific structures of the glenohumeral joint that would contribute to stability? it is not a deep-socket joint and has ligaments that are not in tension __________________________________________________________________ 111 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab 3. An 8-year-old child that you are treating in your clinic has been diagnosed with Rickets (or osteomalacia). osteomalacia is a vitamin D deficiency. a. What causes Rickets? ___________________________________________________ b. What symptoms may an individual with Rickets possess? the bones will become soft and it can cause bone deformities _____________________________________________________________________ c. List 3 or 4 health-care professionals that may be involved in the treatment and diagnosis for this child and what that treatment may be. doctors- fix the bones physical therapist- help them get their bones back nutritionist- incorporate as much vitamin D in their diet as possible _____________________________________________________________________ 112