Lab 5 Skeletal System Axial Skeleton

Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Lab 5: Skeletal System: Axial Skeleton Objectives for this Lab: 1. Differentiate between the bones that are part of the axial and appendicular skeleton. 2. Identify all of the cranial and facial bones and their specific features listed in the lab exercises. 3. Locate and identify the four sutures of the skull. 4. Identify the different regions and curvatures of the vertebral column. 5. Differentiate between the four types of vertebrae and correctly identify their specific features as listed in the lab exercises. 6. Identify the specific regions of the sternum. 7. Determine which pairs of ribs are considered true ribs and which are considered false ribs. Overview: The skeletal system consists of the bones and their connecting and stabilizing structures such as cartilage and ligaments. The skeletal system provides the following functions: overall structural support; protection of underlying structures; attachment sites for muscles to create movement; hemopoiesis (production of red and white blood cells and platelets) and mineral storage and release (calcium). There are two types of bone tissue found in the body, compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is the stronger outer portion of the bone and makes up approximately 80% of our total bone mass. Spongy bone typically makes up the interior and ends of bones and is where the red bone marrow is housed. We will be discussing the histology of bone tissue and comparing the different types of bones more thoroughly in lecture. In the next two labs, you will be identifying specific bones in the human body and their various bony landmarks. The first lab will be spent learning the bones of the Axial Skeleton and the next lab will be spent on the Appendicular Skeleton. 69 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Pre-Lab Activity: Please read thoroughly and proceed to the lab exercises. Prior to coming to lab next week, you will need to set aside some time to fill in and label certain structures listed in the next section. You will be required to identify only the bones and their landmarks that are listed under each of the lab exercises. You can use Chapter 8 from your textbook to assist you with this process and you will be accessing the ebook on the IPads during the lab. During the lab session, your goal will be to identify the listed bones and their parts by hands-on observation. Always feel free to ask questions of your instructor, but be sure you are patient enough to try to learn the bones by handling them yourself. The learning pace and process will be dictated by what is most efficient for you and your lab partners. You will have access to the bones in the Resource Center where a full set will be provided for you. It is strongly recommended that you review the bones here several times over the course of the next 2 or 3 weeks. The Skeletal and Muscular Systems are very closely connected. Several of the bony structures were selected because they are attachment sites for many of the muscles that we will be learning in the next section. The parts of the bones that serve as attachment sites (origins or insertions) will be underlined as they are listed in the lab exercises. 70 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Lab Exercises: Exe Exerci rci rcisse 5.1 .1:: The Sku kullll Identify and label the cranial bones and facial bones as well as their structures listed below. J. Cranial Bones: Label the following cranial bones on the picture below and then identify them on the skull in lab. (An * indicates a bone that you will need to identify further landmarks on and will be listed below.) o Frontal Bone o Occipital Bone * o Parietal Bones (paired) o Sphenoid Bone * o Temporal Bones (paired) * o Ethmoid Bone frontal bone parietal bones temporal bone sphenoid bone ethmoid bone mandible 71 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab parietal bone occipital bone 72 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab K. Facial Bones: Label the following facial bones below and identify them on the skull in lab. o Maxilla Bones (paired upper jaw bones) o Zygomatic Bones (paired cheekbones) o Nasal Bones (paired bones of the nose) o Lacrimal Bones (paired bones of medial eye socket) o Inferior Nasal Conchae o Mandible * (lower jaw) o Vomer o Palatine Bone zygomatic nasal bone lacrimal vomer maxilla 73 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab zygomatic nasal lacrimal maxilla inferior nasal concha vomer 74 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab vomer 75 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab L. Sutures: Label the four sutures below and then identify them on the skull in lab. o Coronal suture: between frontal and parietal bones o Sagittal suture: between the 2 parietal bones o Squamous suture: between parietal and temporal bone o Lambdoid suture: between parietals and occipital bone coronal suture squamous suture sagittal suture lambdoid suture 76 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab M. Temporal Bone: In addition to being able to identify the temporal bone on the articulated skull, also locate the following features on it. o Zygomatic process o External auditory meatus o Mastoid process o Styloid process mastoid process external auditory meatus styloid process 77 zygomatic process Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab N. Occipital Bone: Label and identify the following features on the occipital bone. o Foramen Magnum: large opening where the spinal cord enters the cranial cavity (continuous with brainstem) o External Occipital Protuberance external occipital protuberanc foramen magnum 78 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab O. Sphenoid Bone: Label and identify the following structures on the sphenoid bone. o Greater and Lesser Wings o Sella turcica lesser wing sella turcica greater wing lesser wing sella turcica greater wing 79 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab P. Ethmoid Bone: Identify the Ethmoid Bone on the fully articulated skull and label the following structures: o Perpendicular Plate o Crista Galli crista galli perpendicular plate 80 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Q. Mandible: Label and identify the following features of the mandible. o Mental foramen: mental artery and nerve pass through here o Condylar process: articulates with the temporal bone o Coronoid process o Mandibular notch o Ramus condylar process coronoid process mandibular notch ramus mental foramen 81 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab R. Hyoid 82 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 5.2 .2:: FFet et etaal Sku kull: ll: Using the fetal skull in lab, identify and label the following fontanels. o o o o Anterior (frontal) fontanel Sphenoidal fontanel Mastoid fontanel Posterior fontanel anterior fontanel posterior fontanelle mastoid fontanelle sphenoidal fontanelle 83 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 5.3 .3:: Ver Verteb teb tebral ral C Co olum lumn n A. Identify and label the 4 curvatures of the vertebral column o Cervical curve (develops after birth) o Thoracic curve (present at birth) o Lumbar curve (develops after birth) o Sacral curve (present at birth) cervical thoracic lumbar sacral 84 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab B. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae with the following 5 regions: o 7 cervical vertebrae o 12 thoracic vertebrae o 5 lumbar vertebrae o 5 sacral vertebrae (fused together into one sacrum) o 4 coccygeal vertebrae (fused together into one coccyx) 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae 4 coccygeal vertebrae 85 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab C. Features of a Typical Vertebrae: Label and identify the following structures that are found on most vertebrae. o Vertebral Body o Vertebral Foramen o Spinous process o Transverse processes o Lamina o Superior and inferior articular processes superior/inferior articular pro transverse processes lamina body body spinous processs vertebral foramen 86 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab D. Cervical Vertebrae: In addition to the typical features listed above, label and identify the following features of a cervical vertebrae. o Identify all of the structures mentioned under “typical vertebrae” above (body, foramen, spinous and transverse processes, lamina and superior art. facet) o Notice the bifid spinous processes of cervical vertebrae o Label the transverse foramen: only cervical vertebrae have this; vertebral artery passes spinous process lamina superior articular facet tranverse process dens transverse for tranverse process through here Atlas: Identify the features that are unique to the first cervical vertebrae. o Transverse process with the transverse foramen o Superior articular facet o Notice the very large vertebral foramen and the absence of the vertebral body transverse process superior articular fac vertebral foramen 87 dens transverse fora Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab o Axis: Identify the features that are unique to the second cervical vertebrae. o Identify and label the features listed under “typical vertebrae” o Dens (odontoid process): unique to the axis; allows rotation of the head as it articulates with the atlas dens superior articular facet transverse foramen inverse articular fac vertebral foramen spinous process spinous process superior articular facet body 88 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab E. Thoracic Vertebrae: o Identify and label the features listed under “typical vertebrae” o Notice the near circular shape of the vertebral foramen and the inferior orientation of the spinous process transverse coastal facet lamina body vertebral foramen superior anticular facet body spinous process 89 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab F. Lumbar Vertebrae: o Identify and label the features listed under “typical vertebrae” o Notice the large vertebral body and thick horizontal spinous process superior articular process body transverse process spine body vertebral foramne transverse process interior articular proces spine 90 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab G. Sacrum: Identify and label the following features of the sacrum. o Sacral promontory o Superior articular facet (where it articulates with L5) o Anterior and posterior sacral foramina o Differentiate between the posterior and anterior surfaces superior articular facet sacral foramen coccyx superior articular facet sacral foramen coccyx 91 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 5.4 .4:: Tho horac rac raciic Cag age e The sternum and ribs protect the important organs of the thoracic cavity. A. Sternum: Label and identify the following parts of the sternum o Suprasternal notch (jugular notch) o Manubrium o Body o Xiphoid process o Rib suprasternal manubrium body rib xyphoid process rib 92 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab B. Ribs: we have 12 pair o Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs (attach to the sternum through costal cartilages) o Ribs 8-12 are called false ribs (8-10 attach to the 7th costal cartilage) o Ribs 11 & 12 are also called floating ribs (do not attach to sternum) o Differentiate between the head of the rib (which articulates with thoracic vertebrae posteriorly) and the anterior aspect (which curves toward the sternum) true ribs false ribs floating ribs 93 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Pos Post-L t-L t-Laab Quest estion ion ions: s: 1. A twenty-five year-old female was diagnosed with severe structural scoliosis years ago and it has continued to worsen. a. What is scoliosis? bend of back __________________________________________________________________ b. How is scoliosis diagnosed? What health care professionals may be involved in the diagnosis of scoliosis? __________________________________________________________________ c. List some functional limitations that an individual with severe scoliosis may have. __________________________________________________________________ d. Why could severe scoliosis potentially be life-threatening? __________________________________________________________________ e. List 2-3 healthcare professionals that might be involved in the treatment of scoliosis and explain how they may help this person. __________________________________________________________________ 2. An infant demonstrates premature fusion of the coronal/frontal suture (craniosynostosis). a. What bones does the coronal suture unite? ____________________________________ b. A suture is a type of joint. How much motion should occur at a suture joint? __________________________________________________________________ c. What other feature of the cranial bones helps to stabilize the suture joints? 94 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab __________________________________________________________________ d. At what approximate age should the coronal suture fuse? _________________ e. What healthcare professionals may be involved in the short and long-term care of this individual? __________________________________________________________________ 95