Lab 2 Microscope and the Cell

Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Lab 2: Microscope and the Cell Objectives for this Lab: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify the various parts of the compound microscope. Understand terminology associated with the compound microscope. Identify the organelles (listed in the slides) on the cell models. Describe each of the identified organelle’s function in the cell. List the different stages of Interphase and Mitosis and describe the events that happen during each. 6. Identify the different stages of Mitosis on the models in the classroom. 7. Prepare and view a microscope slide using the correct parameters. Overview: Compound microscopes are frequently used in the laboratory and clinical setting for analysis of specimens. We will be looking at the various components and discussing proper use of compound microscopes. We will be using these microscopes to identify certain cellular structures and stages of mitosis in today’s lab as well as identifying specific types of tissues in next week’s lab. The cell is the smallest living component of an organism. There are over two hundred different types of cells in the human body each responsible for carrying out their own specific function. When discussing the features of a cell, we typically divide it into its three components: the plasma membrane, the cytosol and the organelles. In this lab, we will be identifying specific organelles within the cell and determining what their primary functions are. An important role of the plasma membrane is to determine what substances pass into and out of the cell. We will be exploring these various transport mechanisms in the next lab. Most cells in the body have the ability to divide into two new cells to produce or replace the trillions of cells that we have. The majority of cells in the body are referred to as somatic cells and divide by the process of mitosis. Sex cells form sperm and oocytes and divide through the process of meiosis. We will be discussing and identifying the stages of mitosis in today’s lab. 23 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Pre Pre-La -La -Lab bQ Que ue uestio stio stions ns ns:: 1. When observing a specimen under the microscope, if the ocular lens has a magnification of 10 and the objective lens that you are using has a magnification of 20, the specimen will be 200 times magnified by how much? ________________________________________ True 2. T/F. The plasma membrane is composed of lipids and proteins. ____________ 3. The plasma membrane is “selectively permeable”. What does this mean? -allows the passage of only certain materials in and out of the cell ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is chromatin and where is it found? Chromatin is found in the nucleus ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. Match the following organelles with its function: D _______ mitochondria A. protein synthesis A _______ ribosome B. synthesizes and transports lipids E _______ golgi apparatus C. has enzymes that breakdown substances C _______ lysosome D. generates most of the cell’s ATP B _______ smooth endoplasmic reticulum E. modifies and transports proteins 6. T/F. The hereditary material is contained within the endoplasmic reticulum. _____ 7. Which of the following events occur during Interphase? Check all that apply. _ _ the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell _✔_ DNA is replicated _✔_ enzymes and proteins are synthesized _ _ chromatin uncoils and becomes rod-shaped chromosomes _ _ the nucleolus disappears _✔_ the organelles are replicated 8. List the 4 phases of Mitosis in order. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase ________________________________________________________________________ 24 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab 9. List 3 events that occur during Telophase: chromosomes uncoil and return to threadlike chromatin __________________________________________ nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear __________________________________________ mitotic spindle disapears __________________________________________ true 10. T/F. The nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear during Prophase. _________ 25 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Lab Exercises: Exe Exerci rci rcisse 2.1 .1:: In Intro tro trodu du ductio ction to th the e Microsc icrosco ope Using the microscopes in the lab, label the components on the image below: I. Objective Lens J. Mechanical Stage K. Ocular Lens L. Condenser M. Base N. Course Adjustment Knob O. Fine Adjustment Knob P. Stage Control ocular lens objective lens mechanical stage stage control fine adjustment course adjustment base condenser 26 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab ocular lens objective lens mechanical stage fine adjustment condenser course adjustment stage control base 27 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 2.2 .2:: Vi Vie ewin wingg Ima mage ge gess U Un nder the M Microsc icrosc icroscop op ope e Choose 2 different slides from the provided container on the tables and view under 4X, 10X and 40X magnification. (do not use the 100X magnification on the objective lens). For each, identify the plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm. List the 2 types of tissue that you chose to look at: 1. _____________________________________ 2. _____________________________________ 28 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 2.3 .3:: Cell O Orrga ganel nel nellle IIden den dentifica tifica tificatio tio tion n Using the cell models in the lab, label the following organelles/structures on the image below. K. Plasma Membrane Q. Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic L. Nucleus Reticulum M. Nucleolus R. Ribosome N. Nuclear Membrane S. Lysosome O. Mitochondria T. Centrosome P. Golgi Apparatus U. Secretory Vesicle T. centrioles K. plasma membrane P. golgi apparatus Secretory vesicle O. mitochondrion M. nucleolus smooth ER R. ribosomes nucleus Q. rough ER N. nuclear membrane S. lysosome 29 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 2.4 .4:: Iden entifyi tifyi tifying ng th the e Sta tages ges o off M Mito ito itosis sis Using the Mitosis models in the lab, correctly identify the 4 stages of Mitosis. Determine what stage of the cell cycle and mitosis the following pictures are demonstrating. prophase anaphase prophase telephase 30 metaphase cytokinesis Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab interphase metaphase prophase telephase early-anaphase telephase late-anaphase prophase prophase 31 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Exe Exerci rci rcisse 2.5 .5:: EExam xam xamini ini ining ng Mitos itosiis Und Under er th the eM Microsc icrosc icroscop op ope e View the prepared whitefish or onion slides under the microscope. Continue to adjust the placement of the slide until you have located cells in each of the 4 stages of Mitosis. Were you able to identify cells in each of the 4 stages of mitosis? If not, which stage(s) did you not see? __________________________________ Exercise 1.6: Preparing your Own Microscope Slide: Buccal Smear - In the following exercise you will be preparing and observing a slide of your own inner cheek cells (epithelial cells). You will be preparing two separate slides and comparing the results. I. Place 2 clean microscope slides on the table. J. Place one drop of saline in the center of each slide. K. Gently scrape the inside of your cheek with a toothpick. L. Place the contents on the slide and mix with the saline. (May need to repeat scrape for the second slide.) M. On one of the slides, place a cover slip over the specimen. N. On the other slide, place one drop of methylene blue and cover with a cover slip. O. View each of the slides under the microscope, always starting with the lowest power objective lens. P. Identify the plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm of the cells on each slide. How do the images of the two slides differ? the one w the methylene blue stained the nucleus ___________________________________________________________________________________ 32 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lab Pos Post-L t-L t-Laab Quest estion ion ions: s: 1. What organelle would exist in high numbers in muscle cells and why? mitochondria- a lot of energy ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. List all of the organelles involved in protein synthesis. rough ER, ribosomes, golgi apparatutus, nucleus ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why is protein synthesis so important? What are some functions of protein in the cell? protein synthesis is important because 10k proteins in body, form proteins, enzymes, structural framework, healing if hurt, etc ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Can you think of a disease process that effects the normal mitotic division of cells? cancer ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. What type of cells may have a normally high mitotic division rate and why? Are these cells found in certain regions of the body? skin cells because they constantly shed ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Are there any cells in the body that do not undergo mitotic division? nerve cells, heart cells ______________________________________________________________________________ 33