Business Combinations and Course Review

Course summary Corporate Accounting Course summary „ Accounting – Mapping of actions and events into financial statements „ „ „ (Economic) Principles governing the accounting mapping: Objectivity, conservatism, revenue recognition, and matching But the mapping is incomplete and asymmetric (for good reasons, of course) Hence, firms supplement financial information with disclosures in „ „ „ „ MD&A section Footnotes Management forecasts Q&A at conference calls Where do we go from each topic from the course? „ Financial statements and basic bookkeeping „ Bookkeeping: Necessary evil! „ Ability to interpret financial statement information is essential for decision making „ Balance sheet „ „ „ What are the assets and liabilities when buying another firm? Tangible, intangible, on- and off-balance sheet What is the investment being made in a project, department, firm, or a target? What appears on paper is just a starting point. Where do we go from each topic from the course? „ Financial statements and basic bookkeeping „ Income statement „ „ „ Assessing operating performance Is it sustainable? Is it believable? Is the revenue recognized optimistically? Conservatively? Cash flow statement „ „ „ Is the wedge between income and operating cash flow worrisome? Projections: What are the cash needs going forward? For working capital and for fixed asset investments? Where will the financing come from? In an M&A context, valuation is on the basis of cash flows Where do we go from each topic from the course? „ Revenue recognition „ Revenues is the engine that drives a firm „ Revenue growth signals where the firm is headed, so everyone focuses on it „ Incentive to inflate it „ „ „ „ Single biggest source of fraud and manipulation High bang for the buck: Every dollar of invented revenue increases pre-tax income by a dollar Enhances revenue growth and all of the operating efficiency ratios Revenue recognition practices vary with industry, so get to know the business Where do we go from each topic from the course? „ Inventories „ Lower of cost of market „ Determinant of COGS „ „ Combined with revenues, profitability depends on COGS Incentive to overstate inventory „ „ Overstatement increases income and improves the balance sheet Reversal in the following period: Payback time! Where do we go from each topic from the course? „ Depreciation „ Accounting is quite mechanical! „ No cash flow effect of changing accounting „ Why do we care? „ „ Depreciation cost is crucial from the standpoint of making investment decisions An important component of total cost, so serves as one of the inputs into pricing and other decisions Where do we go from each topic from the course? „ Liabilities „ Fixed obligations „ Increases the risk of residual claimholders, shareholders „ Present value calculations are needed to determine long-term liabilities „ On- and off-balance sheet liabilities „ „ Pension liabilities Enron, Freddie Mac and other spectacular cases where off-balance sheet liabilities from derivative positions have caused havoc Where do we go from here? „ „ Course focused almost entirely on analyzing a given set of actions and events More interesting to think about „ „ How to create opportunities? How to choose from among alternative opportunities and action choices? How to finance the alternative action choices? Market them? Operationalize them? Organize them? Incentivize employees to take desirable actions? ………… „ Obviously, too interesting to be a part of this course!