Part 2: Human Advancement Through Science and Technology

PART 2: HUMAN ADVANCEMENT THROUGH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Pre-Colonial Period • Herbal medicines were used to treat illnesses • Writing, numerical measurement and calendar systems were used for trading. • Farming, fishing, mining, and weaving were first livelihood skills developed – Banawe Rice Terraces Colonial Period SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND NATION-BUILDING Colonial Period • Spanish occupation • Formal education institutions were developed and scientific organizations were launched. • Medicine and biology were taught in different educational and training institutions. • The natives were trained to use innovative approaches in farming. • Engineering was introduced and developed as well. Post-Colonial Period • Continued progress in science and technology • American occupation • Institutions for science and technology were recognized as well. • Laboratorio Municipal was replaced by Bureau of Government Laboratories and was changed to Bureau of Science • The National Research Council of the Philippines was established in 1933. • Developments were focused on agriculture, medicine, and pharmacy, food processing, and forestry. • The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in 1946. • President Ferdinand Marcos • Mandated DEC (DepEd) to promote science courses in public high schools. • Established several agencies and organizations • • • • • • • • • • • Philippine Coconut Research Institute Philippine Textile Research Institute Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (Philippine Nuclear Institute) Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) Philippine National Oil Company Plant Breeding Institute International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Bureau of Plant Industry National Committee on Geological Sciences National Academy of Science and Technology Post-Colonial Period • President Corazon Aquino • National Science and Technology Authority was renamed Department of Science and Technology • President Fidel Ramos • 3000 competent scientists • “Doctor to the Barrio” made healthcare accessible in the far-flung areas of the country. • The National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology was created for high School Students • Number of laws and statutes were mandated • RA8349: Magna Carta for Scientist Engineers, Researchers, and other Science and Technology Personnel in Government • RA7687: Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 1994 • RA7459: Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act • RA8293: the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines Post-Colonial Period • President Benigno Aquino III • National Scientists • • • • Gavino C. Trono – Marine Biology Angel C. Alcala – Biological Science Ramon C. Barba – Horticulture Edgardo D. Gomez – Marine Biology • President Rodrigo Duterte • S&T sector is seen to be a priority based budget on the budget for research and development (R&D) • Philippine Space Technology Program • Diwata-2 in 2018 • Diwata-1 in 2016 • Post-Colonial Period • President Joseph Estrada • RA8749: Clean Air Act of 1999 • RA8792: Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 • Implementation of cost effective irrigation technologies and providing basic health care services for those who could not afford them • President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo • Filipinnovation – Philippines as an innovation hub in Asia • RA9367: Biofuels Act • RA10601: Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AfMech) Science and Technology in the Philippines and the Environment Contributions 1. Mechanization of farming 2. Water pumps and sprinklers help in managing the damaging effects of extreme heat caused by climate change. 3. Production of genetically modified crops and fertilizers 4. Improved transportation 5. Improved communication 6. Ways of learning has also changed Importance of disaster preparedness Science and Technology in the Philippines and the Environment Adverse Impacts 1. Depletion of earth’s natural resources 2. Generation of wastes 3. People became too dependent on science and technology PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS Philippine Inventions Salamander Amphibious Tricycle ➢ Atoy Llave Philippine Inventions Medical Incubator ➢ Dr. Fe del Mundo SALt Lamp ➢ Sustainable alternative lighting ➢ Aisa Mijeno Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap ➢ Dengue prevention Philippine Inventions Philippine Inventions Erythromycin ➢ Abelardo Aguilar ➢ Streptomyces erythreus Jeepneys ➢ One of the most recognizable national symbols Mole Remover ➢ Rolando dela Cruz ➢ Annacardium occidentale Banana Ketchup ➢ Maria Orosa ➢ Mashed banana, sugar, vinegar, and spices Philippine Inventions Solar Window – “AuREUS” ➢Carvey Ehren Maigue TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY COVID-19 rRT-PCR Detection Kit ➢Dr. Raul Destura Relationship of Technology and Humanity Technological influence on society • Humans are inherently technological beings or tool users. • Modern technology has changed the way people interact. • Technology has become a central part of the human • There is huge value and significant drawbacks to condition. technology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uo1FlcQENk Technological Advantages • Efficiency • Time • Communication ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Biotechnology • The use of living organisms in any form for the convenience of life. • Jobs • Education • Transportation • Creation Modern Biotechnology gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a better understanding of the structure and function of genes in living organisms. Cloning GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs): • Pros: • Helps in in-depth ✓ increased crop yield ✓ pest resistance • Cons: research, like motor neuron disease. • Embryonic stem cells can be cloned to produce tissues or organs to replace or repair the damaged ones. ✓ Growing concern with how GMOs may affect consumers’ health environment ✓ Concerns on human rights and the ✓ Accident in genetically engineering a virus or bacteria may cause a serious epidemic. Designer babies • Is this kind of technology ethical? A baby genetically engineered in vitro for specially selected traits or a baby whose genetic makeup has been altered or chosen to provide the desired genome ▪ Pre-implantation genetic diagnosisselecting the best egg; simplest method and used since 1988 ▪ Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1a2larfMIA SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY ▪ Defined as the design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems and the re-design of existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes. ▪ Engineer’s approach to biology Coronavirus testing basics • According to US Food and Drug Administration, Types of Tests There are two different types of tests – diagnostic tests and antibody tests. 1. Diagnostic test- show if you have an active coronavirus infection and should take steps to quarantine or isolate yourself from others. • molecular tests, such as RT-PCR tests, that detect the virus’s genetic material • antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus. 2. Antibody test- looks for antibodies that are made by your immune system in response to a threat, such as a specific virus. Antibodies can help fight infections. Antibodies can take several days or weeks to develop after you have an infection and may stay in your blood for several weeks or more after recovery. Because of this, antibody tests should not be used to diagnose an active coronavirus infection. Watch: https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=ygsztdFoW PA Modern Day Telecommunicatio n e-Medicine online consultation © American Society for Microbiology • Nanotechnology is a part of science and technology about the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale - this means things that are about 100 nanometers across. • Refers to manipulation of matter on an atomic to subatomic scale NANOTECHNOLOGY • Nanotechnology has already found its way into numerous consumer products you use every day, from clothing to skin lotion. They include: • Silver nanoparticles in fabric that kill bacteria making clothing odor-resistant. Consumer Products • Skin care products that use nanoparticles to deliver vitamins deeper into the skin • Lithium ion batteries that use nanoparticle- based electrodes powering plug-in electric cars. • Flame retardant formed by coating the foam used in furniture with carbon nanofibers. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Issues on Cloning • Religious • “playing God” • Human embryo should be left alone • Takes away the uniqueness of an individual Issues on Cloning • Medical • Success rate 0.1%3% only • Enucleated egg and the transferred nucleus may not be compatible • Pregnancy might fail • Problems during later development • Abnormal gene expressions Issues on Cloning • Australia- Prohibited human cloning; therapeutic cloning is legal Issues on Targeted Medications • Canada- prohibits: cloning human, stem cells, growing human embryos for research, buying and selling of human reproductive materials • Requires skill for administration & • India- no specific law but has specific guidelines prohibiting human cloning; stem cell research is allowed • High sophisticated technology for • Argentina- prohibits “experiments concerning cloning of human cells in order to generate human beings” Issues on eMedicine and eConsultation • Regulatory and Industry Barriers. • Physical Examination is storage • May produce toxicity symptoms • Difficult to maintain the stability of the drug in dosage form formulation • Insufficient localization of targeted systems into tumor cells • Very costly Issues on Nanotechnology • Public trust and potential risks • Issues of environmental impact Limited. • Equipment and Technology are costly nano-magazine.com https://www.qscience.com/docserver/fulltext/qproc/2015/4/qproc.2015.elc2014.5 7.pdf