University:
Texas A&M University
Course:
BIOL 107 | Zoology
Academic year:

2020
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151

Pages:

86
Author:

pravitate8aj12

Rinderpest Rinderpest Special note of thanks Many of the excellent images and notes for this presentation are borrowed from these 2 sources From “Rinderpest” a presentation and notes by Dr Moritz van Vuuren, delivered at the Foreign Animal and Emerging Diseases Course, Knoxville, Tenn., 2005 From “Rinderpest” a presentation and notes by Dr Linda Logan delivered to many and diverse audiences including the Colorado Foreign Animal Disease Course of Aug 1-5, 2005, Plum Island Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostics Course and others Rinderpest Rinderpest Rinderpest (RP) is an acute or subacute, contagious viral disease of ruminants and swine, and of major importance to the cattle industry Rinderpest Rinderpest Rinderpest is characterized by high fever, lachrymal discharge, inflammation, hemorrhage, necrosis, erosions of the epithelium of the mouth and of the digestive tract, profuse diarrhea, and death. The “four D’s” of Rinderpest: Depression Diarrhea Dehydration Death Rinderpest Rinderpest The virus is relatively fragile and is immunologically related to viruses that cause • canine distemper, • measles, and • peste des petits ruminants Rinderpest Also known as “cattle plague” rinderpest is a mucosal disease Rinderpest Periodic pandemics of rinderpest throughout Africa for over 100 years…. Rinderpest The virus was widely distributed throughout Europe, Africa, Asia and West Asia, but never became established in either the Americas or Australia/New Zealand Rinderpest Mass vaccination and eradication efforts have steadily decreased the prevalence of rinderpest in many of these areas Rinderpest http://spore.cta.int/spore118/images/brief01.jpg However, it currently remains endemic in the Indian subcontinent, the Near East, Egypt, and sub-Saharan Africa Rinderpest Rinderpest, the most dreaded bovine plague known, has changed the course of history many times over. Rinderpest ‘ Century after century, rinderpest swept west over and around Europe and east over and around Asia with every marauding army causing the disaster, death and devastation that preceded 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The fall of the Roman Empire, The conquest of Christian Europe by Charlemagne, The French Revolution, The impoverishment of Russia and The colonisation of Africa.’ Rinderpest Rinderpest, Historic Legacy Concept of Quarantine & Indemnity Development of the clinical thermometer First mass vaccination campaign First Veterinary School: 1762 in Lyon, France Rinderpest Rinderpest, Historic Legacy Veterinary Schools: Egypt (1827), India (1872) Creation of British Veterinary Dept. in 1866 1st International Veterinary Congress, Hamburg 1863 Creation of OIE in 1920 Rinderpest Rinderpest Rinderpest is a disease reportable to the OIE. It is also on the USDA list of High Consequence pathogens. Rinderpest Because rinderpest is easily transmissible between animals, it is a major concern for livestock producers Rinderpest From the FAO “Rinderpest is the most dreaded bovine plague -- a highly infectious viral disease that can destroy entire populations of cattle and buffalo. Rinderpest Bio-weapon This disease ravaged cattle herds domesticated in Asia 8-9000 years ago and was used as a bio-weapon by marauding Asian armies. Rinderpest Grey Steppe Cattle The secret weapons of the invaders were Grey Steppe oxen. Grey steppe cattle were asymptomatic carriers shedding rinderpest virus for months provoking epidemics that devastated buffalo and cattle populations of the invaded countries. The results were no transportation, untilled fields, starving peasants, and overthrown governments. Rinderpest Grey Steppe Cattle www.embryoplus.com/.../ images/hungrey1.jpg Rinderpest Rinderpest Rinderpest Rinderpest Etiology Host range Incubation Clinical signs Transmission Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Rinderpest Etiology Family: Paramyxociridae Genus: Morbilivirus Type: only one, with differences in virulence Rinderpest Etiology Rinderpest electron microscopy Rinderpest virus Rinderpest High Mortality Can be a highly fatal disease There is a good vaccine available and proper use of it can reduce fatality High morbidity, High mortality Morbidity can be greater than 90% in cattle. Rinderpest Host Range All cloven-hoofed animals are susceptible (not all are clinical) Most clinical cases occur in cattle and water buffalo Rinderpest Host Range European pigs are quite resistant (subclinical); American javelina are very susceptible http://home.wanadoo.nl/~schoelink/hippo%201.jpg Rinderpest Host Range Sheep, goats, and yak are mostly subclinical Rinderpest Host Range Camels – asymptomatic infections only Rinderpest Host Range – Wild Animals Most cloven-footed wild animals such as bison and deer Antelope Wildebeest Kudu Eland Giraffe Hippopotamus Gazelle Warthog Rinderpest Incubation period Varies with strain of RPV, dosage, and route of exposure (3-15 days) Normally a range of 3-9 days (can be as short as 3-4 days in experimental infection; also, can be as long as 10-15 days with virus of low virulence) Duration: 2 or more weeks Rinderpest *Virus is present in blood and secretions BEFORE symptoms appear Rinderpest General Clinical Signs Clinical signs include: a high fever; red patches with discharge from around the eyes, nose and mouth; frothy saliva from the mouth; constipation followed by diarrhea. After a few days, the infected animal dies. Rinderpest General Clinical signs Fever Depression Nasal & lachrymal secretion Congested mucosas Mucosal erosions Severe diarrhea Leukopenia Death Rinderpest Clinical Signs in cattle The case definition of rinderpest is ocular and nasal discharges with any two of the additional signs: + fever + erosions in the mouth + diarrhea + dehydration + death Rinderpest Clinical signs in cattle Two major forms of disease – Acute or Classic form – Peracute form Rinderpest Clinical Signs in cattle (Peracute Form) Most often found in highly susceptible young and newborn animals No prodromal signs High fever (104-107 °F) Congested mucous membranes Rinderpest Clinical Signs in cattle (Acute Form) Acute (classic) form characterized by pyrexia, erosive stomatitis, gastroenteritis, dehydration, and death Four stages 1. 2. 3. 4. Incubation period Febrile period Mucous membrane congestion Gastrointestinal signs Rinderpest Clinical Signs in cattle (Acute Form) Fever - 104 to 107°F (40-42°C) Serous oculo-nasal discharge Leukopenia Depression Anorexia Constipation followed by diarrhea Oral erosions Rinderpest Clinical Signs in cattle (Acute Form) Decreases in fever and viral titer Diarrhea (may be watery or hemorrhagic) Dehydration, emaciation Prostration and death 6 to 12 days after onset of illness Rinderpest Clinical Signs “Shooting” diarrhea Rinderpest Clinical Signs In Africa this also includes corneal opacity which has been associated with rinderpest in buffalos and lesser kudus but has also been noted in calves together with dermatitis. Rinderpest Clinical Signs Early serous ocular discharge (Epiphora) Rinderpest Clinical Signs Depression Diarrhea Dehydration Death Rinderpest Clinical Signs Photophobia Conjunctivitis Rinderpest Field case of rinderpest from Libya. This animal had lacrimation, diarrhea, anorexia as well as a fever, increased heart and respiratory rates. Rinderpest Clinical Signs Early focal mucosal erosions Rinderpest Clinical Signs Early erosions – rinderpest or trauma ? Rinderpest Clinical Signs Inflammation and necrosis of cheek papillae Rinderpest Clinical Signs Inflammation of cheek papillae Rinderpest Clinical Signs Mucosal erosions – “cigarette burns” Rinderpest Clinical Signs Purulent discharges Rinderpest Clinical Signs Purulent discharges Rinderpest Clinical Signs Excessive Salivation Rinderpest Clinical Signs Advanced mucosal erosions Rinderpest Clinical Signs Advanced mucosal erosions African Lineage 1 Southern Sudan 1998 Rinderpest Clinical Signs Shallow erosions in the mouth Note how these have a sharp margin Rinderpest Rinderpest Clinical Signs Extensive mucosal erosion Rinderpest Clinical Signs Erosion under the tongue Rinderpest Clinical Signs Profuse diarrhea and dysentery Rinderpest Dehydration, emaciation and collapse Rinderpest Dehydration and death Rinderpest Convalescence healing mucosal ulceration Rinderpest Convalescence eroded cheek papillae Rinderpest Convalescence muzzle skin sloughing Rinderpest Convalescence Dried ocular discharge and nasal excoriation Rinderpest Lesions Eroded hard palate Rinderpest Lesions Gastro-enteritis Rinderpest Lesions Hemorrhagic mesenteric lymph nodes Rinderpest Lesions Hemorrhagic Peyer’s patches Rinderpest Lesions Linear petaechial haemorrhages in colon Rinderpest Lesions “Zebra striping” in the colon Rinderpest Lesions Rinderpest Intestinal Lesions Rinderpest Terminal Rinderpest Epiphora, conjunctivitis Necrotic stomatitis Diarrhea Rinderpest Less virulent form of Rinderpest Rinderpest Clinical Signs: Kudus ophthalmia keratitis and copious discharge cataract and uveitis Rinderpest Clinical Signs: swine Inapparent infection accompanied by modest fever Pyrexia, prostration, conjunctivitis, erosions of buccal mucosa, death Rinderpest Clinical Signs: sheep and goats Clinical signs less precise that those in cattle Variable pyrexia and anorexia Inconsistent diarrhea Rinderpest Transmission Direct Contact with infected animal – Respiratory and lachrymal secretions – Feces – Other body fluids Carriers: – Unknown…..wildlife? Rinderpest Transmission Aerosol Vectors –tabanids* Ingestion Fomites Rinderpest Transmission There is no vertical transmission, arthropod vector, or carrier state. This makes Rinderpest virus an ideal virus to be targeted for eradication. Rinderpest Diagnosis Samples: – Conjunctival Fluid – Intestinal contents or feces – Whole blood – Lymphoid tissue, lung, intestine – Serum Rinderpest Diagnostic Tests Antigen Detection Antibody Detection Histopathology Rinderpest Differential Diagnosis Bovine virus diarrhea Mucosal disease Infectious bovine rhinotracheaitis Malignant catarrhal fever Vesicular stomatitis Foot-and-mouth disease Rinderpest

Rinderpest

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