Cell Questions

Levels of Organization • Organelle(s) – functional parts of the cell (ie. – mitochondria, Golgi, etc.) • Cell(s) – the simplest living unit that can have a life of its own • Tissue(s) – a group of cells with the same function (ie. – muscle, nervous tissue, etc.) • Organ(s) – a group of tissues that serve a specific function • Organ System(s) – a group of organs working in concert for a specific function • Organism(s) – an individual form of life that has the ability to function independently (ie. – plant, animal, bacteria, protest, etc.) The Cell • Cell membrane – coating that surrounds the outside of a cell, selectively permeable • Nucleus – information center, contains DNA, produces RNA • Mitochondria – energy (ATP) producing organelle • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – produces and modifies proteins • Golgi Apparatus – packages, modifies, and stores proteins • Red blood cells – carry oxygen to the entire body and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs • Lipid(s) – fat molecules • Hypotonic solution – a solution containing higher than normal levels of salt concentration • Hypertonic solution – a solution containing lower than normal levels of salt concentration • Selectively permeable membrane – a thin sheet that only allows water to flow through it (eg.cell membrane) Creating Energy: (cellular respiration) • Cellular respiration – the process of converting glucose to ATP (cellular energy) • Glycolysis – the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid • Krebs’ cycle – a cyclic chain of reactions that captures the energy in citric acid • Electron transport – a process that uses oxygen and an electron gradient to make ATP, water and carbon dioxide from glucose • ATP – our bodies energy molecule (cellular form of energy) • Glucose – a six carbon sugar used to make ATP • Pyruvic acid – product of glycolysis • Sugar(s) - compounds that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a ring structure of 5 or six carbons Genetics: • DNA – contains all cellular information, archive of the cell, encodes all proteins • RNA – transfers information from the nuclear DNA to ribosomes to make proteins • Dominant – will overpower recessive genes • Recessive – will submit to dominant genes • Allele(s) – one of an alternative form of a gene • Chromosome(s) – structures of folded and compact DNA • Replication – process where DNA is duplicated • Transcription – process where a complimentary RNA strand is made from DNA • Translation – process where protein is made from reading information in RNA to attach specific amino acids in sequences. • Gene(s) – the unit of heredity that passes along traits to offspring • Protein(s) – chains of amino acids • Amino acid(s) – linked together make proteins • Enzyme(s) – a protein that speeds up reactions Warn students that there are 37 possible answers and only 25 on their card so they might not have the answer on their card for every question This term means “little organs” Organelles Are different structures inside cells that carry out a variety of tasks Organelles Intact units containing organelles that are surrounded by membranes Cells A group of these make up tissue Cells A group of these make an organ Tissues A group of cells make what? Tissue A group of organs make a what? Organ system The Digestive system is an example of a what? Organ system Another term for a whole living object Organism This next level of organization after organ system Organism Interacts with the “outside world” of the cell and is known as the “gate keeper” Cell membrane This structure is porous and has a lipid bilayer Cell membrane This structure contains integral and Cell membrane peripheral proteins The organelle the contains most of the DNA in a cell Nucleus Acts as the cell’s “computer” or information center Nucleus Provides energy to the cell Mitochondria Is the cell’s “power plant” Mitochondria Acts as the cell’s “construction team” Endoplasmic reticulum Processes and modifies proteins Endoplasmic reticulum Where proteins are packaged and stored Golgi apparatus These cells contain hemoglobin Red blood cells The cells responsible for carrying oxygen and vital nutrients to cells carrying cell waste away from cells Red blood cells This molecule carries or binds oxygen Hemoglobin These molecules are made from glycerol and fatty acids, and can form membranes in water Lipid(s) Fat is made from these molecules Lipid(s) A solution of relatively low salt concentration is called Hypotonic solution A solution containing a high concentration of salts is called Hypertonic solution A thin sheet that only allows water to flow through it Selectively permeable membrane There is a hypertonic solution on the outside of a cell and a hypertonic solution on the inside of a cell, the cell membrane is acts as the Selectively permeable membrane The process in our bodies that converts energy released in the breakdown of glucose and stores it in the bonds of ATP Cellular respiration This process uses oxygen and glucose to produce ATP, water, and carbon dioxide Cellular respiration The process in which glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid Glycolysis The first of three processes in cellular respiration Glycolysis A cyclic chain of reactions that captures Krebs’ cycle the energy in citric acid Also called the citric acid cycle Krebs’ cycle The second of three processes in cellular respiration Krebs’ cycle The process in which the electrons flow across the membrane across the gradient which creates energy that is Electron transport stored in the bonds of ATP Process that uses oxygen and an electron gradient to make ATP, water and carbon dioxide Electron transport The third of three processes in cellular respiration Electron transport This molecule is produced in the mitochondria and has energy stored in its bonds ATP The molecule that is produced from breaking down glucose and is used for energy in our bodies ATP Compounds that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a ring structure of 5 or six carbons Sugar(s) Our bodies most readily use this molecule to produce energy / ATP (there are two answers so you can mark both of them) Sugar and Glucose A 6-carbon sugar that is broken down in the mitochondria Glucose The first molecule glucose is broken down into Pyruvic acid A 3-carbon molecule that is produced in glycolysis Pyruvic acid One of an alternative form of a gene Allele(s) Chromosomes are condensed strands of DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid is abbreviated DNA Ribonucleic Acid is abbreviated RNA The strand read during translation that codes for amino acids is RNA If an individual has an allele that codes for tall body height and one allele that codes for short body height and the individual is tall when fully grown then the tall allele is Dominant If an individual has an allele that codes for green eyes and one allele that codes for blue eyes and the individual has green eyes then the blue eyed allele is Recessive Humans have 46 of these in the nucleus of every cell (except reproductive cells or gametes) Chromosome(s) The process where an exact copy of DNA is made Replication The process where a complimentary strand of Transcription RNA is made from DNA The process where RNA is read and amino acids are joined together to make a protein Translation Genes are ultimately responsible for making (synthesizing) this molecule Protein(s) This molecule is a long chain of modified amino acids Protein(s) Enzymes are a type of Protein(s) During translation three nucleotides in messenger RNA code for one of these molecules Amino acids There are twenty of these molecules that exist and nine of them cannot be made by the human body Amino acids Proteins are made by linking these molecules together to form a chain Amino acids The unit of heredity that passes along traits to Gene(s) offspring These proteins help speed up chemical reactions in the body Enzyme(s)