University:
Texas A&M University
Course:
BIOL 319 | Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Academic year:

2024
Views:

312

Pages:

52
Author:

omiliar74be

26 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PART 1 Objectives Part 1 • Identify elastic and muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. • Describe the intima, media, and adventitia of all vessels. Part 2 • Describe the structure of the heart. • Also regulation of blood flow, lymphatic vessels, and diseases Introduction Multicellular Organisms Need 3 Mechanisms --------------------------------------------------------------1. Distribute oxygen, nutrients, and hormones 2. Collect waste 3. Transport waste to excretory organs Introduction Multicellular Organisms Need 3 Mechanisms --------------------------------------------------------------Distribute oxygen, nutrients, and hormones 2. Collect waste CARDIOVASCULAR 3. Transport waste SYSTEM to excretory organs 1. The cardiovascular system is composed of two sets of closed vessels open only to each other. One goes to the lungs and the other to the rest of the body CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM COMPONENT HEART ELASTIC ARTERIES MUSCULAR ARTERIES ARTERIOLES CAPILLARIES VENULES VEINS LARGER VEINS FUNCTION - PRODUCE BLOOD PRESSURE (SYSTOLE) - CONDUCT BLOOD AND MAINTAIN PRESSURE DURING DIASTOLE - DISTRIBUTE BLOOD, MAINTAIN PRESSURE - PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE AND DISTRIBUTE BLOOD - EXCHANGE NUTRIENTS AND WASTE - COLLECT BLOOD FROM CAPILLARIES (EDEMA) - TRANSMIT BLOOD TO LARGE VEINS, RESERVOIR - RECEIVE LYMPH AND RETURN BLOOD TO HEART, BLOOD RESERVOIR CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM MUSCULAR ARTERIES DISTRIBUTE BLOOD, MAINTAIN PRESSURE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM MUSCULAR ARTERIES DISTRIBUTE BLOOD, MAINTAIN PRESSURE ARTERIOLES - PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE AND DISTRIBUTE BLOOD CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM MUSCULAR ARTERIES DISTRIBUTE BLOOD, MAINTAIN PRESSURE ARTERIOLES - PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE AND DISTRIBUTE BLOOD CAPILLARIES - EXCHANGE NUTRIENTS AND WASTE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM MUSCULAR ARTERIES - DISTRIBUTE BLOOD, MAINTAIN PRESSURE ARTERIOLES - PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE AND DISTRIBUTE BLOOD CAPILLARIES - EXCHANGE NUTRIENTS AND WASTE VENULES - COLLECT BLOOD FROM CAPILLARIES (EDEMA) CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM HEART PRODUCES BLOOD PRESSURE (SYSTOLE) Smooth muscle contraction in blood vessel wall reduces the vessel caliber and restricts blood flow. A state of partial contraction is known as “tone”. Tone – state of partial contraction of smooth muscles in arteries and veins that reduces the caliber of the lumen. Normal nervous control No nervous control Innervations of smooth muscle cells of blood vessels controls the tone. Tone – state of partial contraction of smooth muscles in arteries and veins that reduces the caliber of the lumen. Normal nervous control No nervous control Innervations of smooth muscle cells of blood vessels controls the tone. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ELASTIC ARTERIES - CONDUCT BLOOD AND MAINTAIN PRESSURE DURING DIASTOLE Elastic arteries The elasticity of large arteries close to the heart is important as it facilitates a more uniform blood flow. During systole, blood moves forcefully into the large elastic arteries; however, the elastic fibers in the arterial wall stretch to compensate. This expansion of the lumen caliber dampens the rise in pressure. During diastole, both the ventricular pressure and resulting arterial pressure are low, but elastin in the wall of elastic arteries recoils to its original shape and reduces the lumen caliber and, thereby, maintains a relative high arterial pressure. How does this relate to arteriosclerosis? Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements. Cardiovascular System Overview Heart Modified vessel that pumps the blood through the network Macrovessels Arteries and veins that serve as large conduits between organs and body parts Microvessels Capillaries and venules carrying metabolites, gases, immune cells and waste products Vessel layers • • • Heart layers • • • Purkinje cells • • • • Tunica intima: simple squamous endothelium over loose CT (subendothelium); non-thrombogenic Tunica media: smooth muscle layer; accommodate pressure by expanding Tunica adventia: fibroelastic CT and vascular networks; reinforces wall shape, prevents rupture, and brings nutrients to outer layers of tunica media via vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessel) Endocardium – (tunica intima) simple squamous endothelium on loose fibroelastic subendothelial CT, merges with endomysium and perimysium surrounding cardiac myofibers in the media Myocardium – (tunica media) thicker in the ventricle Epicardium – (tunica adventia) visceral pericardium and adventitia of heart No intercalated discs Bound together by macular adherens Electrically integrated by gap junctions which conduct depolarization from pacemaker cell sin the sinoatrial nodes Coordinate ventricular contraction and comprise the bundle of His Slide 11: Skeletal muscle 11 Capillaries Endothelial cell Arteriole ARTERIOLE - CAPILLARY - VENULE CAPILLARY pericyte CAPILLARY pericyte UT 166 Endothelial cells ENDOTHELIUM - ACTIVE CELL HAS ENZYMES AND RECEPTORS TRANSPORT WITHOUT MUCH ENERGY FLAT FOR LESS TURBULANCE Blood capillary NEGATIVELY CHARGED SURFACE NOT WETABLE SURFACE Lymphatic vessel with valve EM 3 & 27: Endothelial cells TYPES OF CAPILLARIES & BASAL LAMINA CHARACTERISTICS CAPILLARIES LOCATIONS BASAL LAMINA CONTINUOUS COMPLETE MUSCLE EXAMPLES OF MUSCLE, TESTIS, BRAIN, THYMUS TYPES OF CAPILLARIES & BASAL LAMINA CHARACTERISTICS CAPILLARIES LOCATIONS BASAL LAMINA CONTINUOUS COMPLETE MUSCLE, TESTIS, BRAIN, THYMUS FENESTRATED COMPLETE GLOMERULUS, ADRENAL MUSCLE GLOMERULUS EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF CAPILLARIES & BASAL LAMINA CHARACTERISTICS CAPILLARIES LOCATIONS BASAL LAMINA CONTINUOUS COMPLETE MUSCLE, TESTIS, BRAIN, THYMUS FENESTRATED COMPLETE GLOMERULUS, ADRENAL DISCONTINUOUS OR SINUSOIDAL INCOMPLETE OR LACKING LIVER, SPLEEN, BONE MARROW MUSCLE GLOMERULUS EXAMPLES OF LIVER CONTINUOUS FENESTRATED SINUSOIDAL ANGIOGENESIS – growth of blood vessels CLASSIFICATION OF VESSEL SIZE (CALIBER) PROMINENT STRUCTURES IN WALL FUNCTION LAYERS IN VASCULAR WALL LAYER TUNICA INTIMA COMPOSITION ENDOTHELIUM (SUBENDOTHELIA CT. INTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA) TUNICA MEDIA SMOOTH MUSCLE (ELASTIC LAMELLAE, EXTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA) TUNICA ADVENTITIA CONNECTIVE TISSUE (LONGITUDINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE, VASA VASORUM) LAYERS IN VASCULAR WALL MUSCULAR ARTERY TUNICA INTIMA TUNICA MEDIA TUNICA ADVENTITIA Slide 25: Muscular artery/vein/nerve (H&E) Muscular Artery Large Vein Tunica intima Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia Tunica media Tunica adventitia Slide 25: Muscular artery/vein/nerve (H&E) Muscular Artery Internal elastic lamina (IEL) Large Vein Tunica intima with endothelium and subendothelium Slide 26: Muscular artery/vein/nerve (elastic-collagen stain) Muscular Artery Tunica intima Large Vein Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia Tunica media Tunica adventitia Slide 26: Muscular artery/vein/nerve (elastic-collagen stain) Muscular Artery Internal elastic lamina (IEL) Large Vein Tunica intima with endothelium and subendothelium LARGE VEIN TUNICA INTIMA TUNICA MEDIA TUNICA ADVENTITIA UT 196 LARGE VEIN UT 196 TUNICA INTIMA TUNICA MEDIA TUNICA ADVENTITIA Tunica adventitia of large veins has bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle Large blood vessels have a vasa vasorum LARGE VEIN UT 196 TUNICA INTIMA TUNICA MEDIA TUNICA ADVENTITIA Tunica adventitia of large veins has bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle Large blood vessels have a vasa vasorum VASCULAR VALVES LOCATION - MEDIUM CALIBER VEINS (ESPECIALLY EXTREMITIES) VASCULAR VALVES LOCATION - MEDIUM CALIBER VEINS (ESPECIALLY EXTREMITIES) COLLECTING AND LYMPHATIC DUCTS VASCULAR VALVES LOCATION - MEDIUM CALIBER VEINS (ESPECIALLY EXTREMITIES) COLLECTING AND LYMPHATIC DUCTS FUNCTION - INSURE UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW VASCULAR VALVES LOCATION - MEDIUM CALIBER VEINS (ESPECIALLY EXTREMITIES) COLLECTING AND LYMPHATIC DUCTS FUNCTION - INSURE UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW COMPOSITION FLAP OR LEAFLET WHICH ARE FOLDINGS OF THE INTIMA WITH REINFORCEMENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE EM 37, 38, & 39 Slide 63: Appendix (H&E) Large Artery Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia Slide 63: Appendix (H&E) Large Vein Tunica adventitia Tunica media Tunica intima Slide 63: Appendix (H&E) Venule Arteriole Lymphatic vessel with lymphocyte Slide 64: Appendix (Verhoff’s and trichrome stain) External elastic lamina Internal elastic lamina Large Artery Tunica adventitia Tunica media Tunica intima Slide 64: Appendix (Verhoff’s and trichrome stain) Large Vein Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia Slide 64: Appendix (Verhoff’s and trichrome stain) Venule Arteriole Lymphatic vessel with lymphocytes CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM VEINS - TRANSMIT BLOOD TO LARGE VEINS RESERVOIR LARGER VEINS - RECEIVE LYMPH AND RETURN BLOOD TO HEART, BLOOD RESERVOIR VOLUME: 5-6 L = 12-13 PINTS/PERSON 59% of the blood volume is stored in veins SUMMARY Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements.

Cardiovascular System Part 1

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