University:
Texas A&M University
Course:
BIOL 319 | Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Academic year:

2024
Views:

257

Pages:

74
Author:

imophulebf11

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT PART 1: CELLS Objectives Digestive System I • Name the parts of the digestive tract. • Identify the four layers that form the walls of the tubular organs of the digestive tract and the tissue types found in each layer. • Identify and know the distinguishing structural features of the various regions of each of the tubular organs of the digestive tract. • Identify the organ region and cell types present from a slide or photomicrograph of a section of any part of the digestive tract • Part 1: Cells of the digestive system • Part 2: Oral cavity to stomach • Part 3: Small and large intestines CELLS, CELLULAR STRUCTURES, AND GROUPS OF CELLS IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CELLS, CELLULAR STRUCTURES, AND GROUPS OF CELLS IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CELLS, CELLULAR STRUCTURES, AND GROUPS OF CELLS IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MUCOCUTANEOUS JUNCTIONS MUCOCUTANEOUS JUNCTIONS Cells of glands and taste buds Slide 51: Tongue (secretion) Adipose tissue Serous and mucous glands Gland duct Esophagus – skeletal and smooth muscle 137 Esophagus – skeletal and smooth muscle 137 Nerve cell bodies of the AUERBACH'S PLEXUS Monkey Esophagus Stratified squamous epithelium Muscularis mucosae Blood vessel 242 Monkey Esophagus Lymphic nodule Stratified squamous epithelium Muscularis mucosae Blood vessel Esophageal glands 242 CARDIAC GLANDS Glandular epithelial cells of the fundic stomach • SURFACE MUCOUS CELLS Glandular epithelial cells of the fundic stomach • SURFACE MUCOUS CELLS • MUCOUS NECK CELL Glandular epithelial cells of the fundic stomach • SURFACE MUCOUS CELLS • MUCOUS NECK CELL • CHIEF CELL (ZYMOGENIC CELL) Glandular epithelial cells of the fundic stomach • SURFACE MUCOUS CELLS • MUCOUS NECK CELL • CHIEF CELL (ZYMOGENIC CELL) • PARIETAL CELL (OXYNTIC CELL) Glandular epithelial cells of the fundic stomach • SURFACE MUCOUS • • • • CELLS MUCOUS NECK CELL CHIEF CELL (ZYMOGENIC CELL) PARIETAL CELL (OXYNTIC CELL) ENDOCRINE CELL (ARGENTAFFIN OR ENTROCHROMAFFIN CELL) Mucus neck cells Fundic stomach, rabbit (toluidine blue) 244 stomach Surface mucus cells 244 stomach 244 stomach CHIEF CELL PARIETAL CELL ARGENTAFFIN CELL CHIEF CELL PARIETAL CELL ARGENTAFFIN CELL CHIEF CELL PARIETAL CELL ARGENTAFFIN CELL CHIEF CELL PARIETAL CELL ARGENTAFFIN CELL CHIEF CELL PARIETAL CELL ARGENTAFFIN CELL CHIEF CELL PARIETAL CELL ARGENTAFFIN CELL CHIEF CELL The zymogen granules in chief cells contain inactive enzyme pepsinogens, precursors which are converted in the acid environment of the stomach into active pepsins. Pepsins initiate the hydrolysis of ingested protein in the stomach. ARGENTAFFIN CELL of stomach 244 EM 15 Parietal cell produces 1. HCl 2. Bicarbonate 3. Intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption by gut: needed in red blood cell formation Gastric atrophy • Gastric atrophy is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa, resulting in loss of gastric glandular cells, and overall atrophy of the gastric mucosa. • Gastric atrophy may result in extensive loss of parietal cells. This loss of parietal cells may result in decreased secretion of intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption. Vitamin B12 is a necessary cofactor required for DNA synthesis; low levels of vitamin B12 can reduce proliferation of erythroblasts, producing pernicious anemia. Pyloric glands Simple columnar glandular epithelial cells Pyloric glands Simple columnar glandular epithelial cells Pyloric glands Simple columnar absorptive and goblet epithelial cells Pyloroduodenal junction, baboon 147 EPITHELIUM of the intestine - SIMPLE COLUMNAR ABSORPTIVE CELLS GOBLET CELLS ARGENTAFFIN CELLS PANETH CELLS and cells of duodenal glands EPITHELIUM of the intestine - SIMPLE COLUMNAR ABSORPTIVE CELLS GOBLET CELLS ARGENTAFFIN CELLS PANETH CELLS and cells of duodenal glands Submucosal Brunner’s glands ABSORPTIVE CELL BRUSH BORDER GLYCOCALYX • PROTECTION AGAINST ENZYMES • ACTIVE IN DEIGESTION TERMINAL WEB ELONGATED MITOCHONDRIA GOLGI COMPLEX LARGE SER & RER LATERAL SURFACES INTERDIGITATION GLYCOCALYX BRUSH BORDER GLYCOCALYX • PROTECTION AGAINST ENZYMES • ACTIVE IN DEIGESTION BRUSH BORDER GLYCOCALYX • PROTECTION AGAINST ENZYMES • ACTIVE IN DEIGESTION ENZYMES OF INTESTINAL ABSORPTIVE CELL SEVERAL PEPTIDASES POLYPEPTIDES TO AMINO ACIDS FOUR DISACCHARIDASES DISACCHARIDES TO MONOSACCHARIDES LIPASE NEUTRAL FATS TO GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACID CARBOHYDRATASES SMALL AMOUNT OF AMYLASE BASIC MECHANISM OF ABSORPTION ACTIVE TRANSPORT MONOSACCHARIDES AMINO ACIDS PASSIVE DIFFUSION FATTY ACIDS MONOGLYCERIDES LAMINA PROPRIA CONNECTIVE TISSUE BETWEEN INTESTINAL GLANDS AND FORMS CORES OF INTESTINAL VILLI CENTRAL LACTEAL LARGE NUMBERS OF LYMPHOCYTES, PLASMA CELLS, EOSINOPHILS, MAST CELLS, AND MACROPHAGES SMOOTH MUSCLE INNERVATED BY MEISSNER’S PLEXES 32409 rat intestine M (microfold) cells are specialized epithelial cells in the mucosa of the ileum overlying the lymphoid follicles of Peyer patches. M cells selectively endocytose antigens and transport them to the underlying lymphocytes and dendritic cells, which then migrate to lymph nodes for an appropriate immune response. PANETH CELLS DEPTHS OF CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN STABLE POPULATION ABUNDANT IN HUMANS, HORSE, & RUMINANTS • (ABSENT IN OTHER DOMESTIC SPECIES) ORGANELLES INDICATIVE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS LARGE SECRETORY GRANULES GRANULES • ACIDOPHILIC (EOSIN) • LYSOZYME CAPABLE OF LYSING BACTERIA CONCENTRATION OF RADIOACTIVE ZINC Paneth cell granules release lysozyme, phospholipase A2, and hydrophobic peptides called defensins, all of which bind and break down membranes of microorganisms and bacterial cell walls. Paneth cells have an important role in innate immunity and in regulating the microenvironment of the intestinal crypts. GOBLET CELL UNICELLULAR GLAND THECA FLATTENED NUCLEUS SHORT LIVED - ONE MUCUS • RAW EGG WHITE • LUBRICATE AND PROTECT GOBLET CELL Goblet cells of ileum, monkey 250 Goblet cells of ileum, monkey 250 FUNCTION OF MUCUS IN LARGE INTESTINES PROTECTS WALL AGAINST EXCORIATION PROVIDES ADHERENT QUALITIES TO FECES PROTECTS WALL AGAINST BACTERIAL ACTIVITY ARGENTAFFIN CELLS ARGENTAFFIN (BASAL GRANULAR CELLS) IN CRYPTS AND VILLI GRANULES AT BASE WIDELY SCATTERED THROUGHOUT GI TRACT SECRETIONS - SEROTONIN • VIGOROUS CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE NERVOUS SYSTEM ARGENTAFFIN CELLS BASAL GRANULAR CELLS (ARGENTAFFIN) ORGAN STOMACH DUODENUM JEJUNUM AND ILEUM APPENDIX ABUNDANCE MODERATE COMMON SPARSE ABUNDANT SECRETIONS OF GUT ARGENTAFFIN CELLS Cell Name Location Product Major Action A Stomach Pancreatic glucagon Hepatic glycogenolysis B Pylorus, duodenum Somatostatin Local inhibition of endocrine cells (?) D Stomach, intestines Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) Ion/water secretion, gut motillity EC Stomach, intestine, submucosal glands, appendix, etc. Serotonin (5-HT), Gut motility motilin, substance P SECRETIONS OF GUT ARGENTAFFIN CELLS Cell Name Location Product Major Action G Pylorus, duodenum Gastrin Gastric acid secretion I Small intestine Cholecystokinin Pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder emptying K Small intestine Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Inhibition of gastric acid secretion L Small intestine, colon Gut-type glucagon, pancreatic glucagon Hepatic glycogenolysis N Small intestine Neurotensin S Small intestine Secretin Pancreatic and biliary ion/water secretion Nerve cells of the intestine AUERBACH'S PLEXUS MEISSNER'S PLEXUS 32409 Rat intestine LARGE INTESTINES ANAL SKIN LARGE INTESTINES Simple columnar ANAL SKIN LARGE INTESTINES ANAL SKIN Simple columnar Stratified squamous LARGE INTESTINES ANAL SKIN Simple columnar Stratified squamous MUCOCUTANEOUS JUNCTIONS

Digestive System I Gastrointestinal Tract Part 1 Cells

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