The ABC Model of Attitudes

The ABC model of Attitudes The ABC Model of Attitudes- Affect, Behaviour and Cognition: Evaluating ideas, events, objects, and people can be defined as having attitudes toward them. The majority of the time, attitudes are either favourable or negative, but they can also be unpredictable. As a result, attitudes are an essential area of research for social psychologists since they influence our actions, such as what we eat, how we vote, what we do with our spare time, and so on. There are three components to every attitude that are represented by what is known as the ABC model of attitudes: A represents affective components, B represents behavioural components, and C represents cognitive components. Despite the fact that every attitude consists of these three components, every particular attitude can be based on one component more than the others. Component of Emotional Well-Being: The affective component, for starters, relates to the emotional response that one has to an attitude object or situation. For example, if a person has a phobia of a particular thing, the individual will experience tremendous worry and panic if he or she comes into contact with or thinks about the object. Affectively-based attitude refers to an attitude that is derived from or originated as a result of a strong emotional response. Most people's attitudes toward controversial topics such as politics, sexuality, and religion are affectively oriented, meaning that they are motivated by their personal values. When we express and validate our moral beliefs or value systems, we are demonstrating and validating our attitude. Component of human behaviour: A person's behaviour when confronted with an attitude object is the next component of an attitude, and it is referred to as the behavioural component. In the case of a phobia of any object, the person would most likely avoid it whenever possible and may scream or cry if the object is seen by the person in question. In an attitude, the behaviour component consists of a person's proclivity to behave in a particular way toward an object, as opposed to other people. Specifically, it refers to the portion of an individual's attitude that represents their intentions in the short- or long-term. Component of cognitive ability: The cognitive component of attitudes relates to the beliefs, thoughts, and characteristics that people might identify with a certain object or situation. It is the portion of an attitude that expresses one's viewpoint or belief. It refers to the portion of an individual's attitude that is associated with his or her broad knowledge. This refers to a person's belief / knowledge about an attitude object in relation to another person. What we think about something is referred to as our cognitive component. It is, in fact, what occurs when we take a deep breath and think about it thoroughly. Though interconnected, cognitive and emotive components do not necessarily coincide in the same person. When you think of attitudes as being made up of three components – cognition, affect, and behaviour – you can gain a better understanding of their complexity as well as the potential relationship between attitude and behaviour. In a person's memory, the object of an attitude is represented as a prototype of the object of the attitude. Then, when evaluating an object, an individual employs an attitude as a schema to do so. The object may be rated as excellent or terrible, positive or negative, favourably or unfavourably by the individual, and the individual then selects the technique to be used in dealing with it. The accessibility of an attitude, or the simplicity with which it can be activated, has an impact on how well it is implemented. The thing becomes more accessible as a result of personal experience with it and the frequent manifestation of an attitude toward it. As a result, attitude-related information aids in the processing of complex information. Since the 1990s, the ABC model has largely gone out of favour in social psychology, owing to widespread acceptance of the notion that behaviour should not be conflated with attitude in psychological studies. Instead, they should be regarded as distinct entities to be considered. Nonetheless, this model is beneficial for beginning to think about how attitudes are formed and how we might influence behaviours by delving further into people's cognitive and affective reactions to attitude objects, which is important for understanding how attitudes are formed. Definitions and instances of implicit vs explicit attitudes include: The world around us is shaped by a unique combination of beliefs and attitudes held by each individual. Every day, our attitudes toward ideas, events, objects, and people have a role in determining how we live and what we choose to do in our lives. Attitudes are comprised of three components: affective, behavioural, and cognitive, and they can arise from any of these components. As a general rule, attitudes can be classified into one of two categories: explicitly held attitudes and implicitly held views. Strangely enough, an attitude can exist on two different levels at the same time. Explicit attitudes are those that are held at the conscious level, are formed consciously, and are easy to identify and report on oneself. When you have an explicit attitude, it is the type of attitude that you intentionally consider and report. Explicit attitudes are those that are held at the conscious level of awareness. They are purposefully manufactured, and they are simple to recognise and report. In other words, they are the consciously decided attitudes that a person exhibits when interacting with the outside world. These attitudes manifest themselves in the behaviours that others witness. For example, you can pick whether mathematics is something you enjoy or dislike. This may also be reflected in your actions. Furthermore, a person's history and life experiences have a significant impact on their attitudes. For example, someone who has grown up in a family that harbours significant prejudice towards a particular ethnic group may have a negative attitude toward others who are members of that ethnic group as an adult. However, factors such as a person's age, education, and geographic location can all have an impact on his or her attitudes, assisting him or her in adopting inclusive and non-prejudiced attitudes. Implicit attitudes, on the other hand, are attitudes that are created at a subconscious level, are developed involuntarily, and are often unbeknownst to the person who has them. Implicit attitudes are positive and negative assessments that we have that are not readily apparent to us or under our conscious control, but are nonetheless present. Implicit attitudes are those that exist at the level of the subconscious mind. They form unintentionally, and we are typically unaware of their existence. Implicit attitudes, according to the psychologists Anthony Greenwald and Mahzarin Banaji, are "introspectively unidentified (or erroneously identified) residues of past experience that mediate favourable or unfavourable feelings, thoughts, or actions toward a social object." Consider the following scenario: If you had a poor experience with a bug as a youngster, you may retain an automatic unfavourable attitude toward insects even as an adult, even if you say that this is not the case. The possibility and occurrence of an explicit and implicit attitude that are in conflict with one another is quite common and understandable. Explicit attitudes are those that are expressed consciously and deliberately, whereas implicit attitudes are those that are expressed automatically and unconsciously. A person is conscious of his or her explicit attitudes, but not of his or her or their implicit attitudes. When compared to implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes are more dynamic and can vary over time, whereas implicit attitudes are more likely to be stable over time. Furthermore, explicit attitudes may be measured directly, whereas implicit attitudes can only be measured through indirect means. The most significant distinction between explicit and implicit attitudes is that explicit attitudes are those that are purposeful and conscious, whereas implicit attitudes are those that are involuntary and unconscious in their expression. Persuasion Techniques - Different Types of Persuasion Techniques: Persuasion is something we all deal with on a daily basis. In persuasion, a person seeks to change the beliefs or attitudes of another person by delivering facts to them in a persuasive manner. One person will make a deliberate effort to persuade the other to change their mind about something. Persuasion strategies are employed in order to persuade someone to alter their initial beliefs or behaviours. The most successful businesses and salespeople are well-versed in persuasion strategies, which they use to affect the attitudes and behaviour of customers in order to get them to spend money on the product or service being sold. To effectively influence someone, one does not need to be in the sales industry. Persuasion methods are the precise strategies that individuals employ in order to persuade others to agree with their point of view. It is possible to persuade someone to adopt new ideas, principles, and behaviours by using persuasive approaches. It is possible to witness these strategies in a variety of scenarios. Persuasion is now more widespread than it has ever been, as well as more complex and deeply ingrained in society. Because of technological advancements, this strategy can reach a larger audience in a shorter amount of time. Besides that, it cleverly obscures its presence at times, enhancing its effectiveness in influencing others. Persuasion strategies are frequently employed in television, radio, and other kinds of advertising in order to persuade an audience to acquire a certain product or service. Besides that, it can be utilised in academics to make a point more clearly in a scholarly publication. In writing, it is used to establish credibility for the writer's argument in front of the reader. Persuasion tactics are widely utilised and can be applied in a variety of situations in everyday life. Persuasion can be divided into four categories: a) Ethos is a persuasive method that relies on a person's ethical considerations to win their support. In this strategy, the speaker's credibility and connection with the other person are established by their words and actions. To convince listeners to change their beliefs, the persuader must first appear competent and trustworthy to gain their confidence. b) Pathos is a persuasive strategy that is based on appealing to the emotions of the target audience member. Because people are emotional creatures, pathos is an excellent tool. This can be used to persuade the other person to change their mind about their point of view on a matter. b) Logos is the application of reason, logic, and knowledge to persuade another individual to accept a different point of view. This is a highly powerful persuasive tactic because it makes use of evidence to support a point of contention. When someone cites a source, states a fact, or makes a logical argument, they are using the logos. Kairos occurs when an individual takes advantage of the timing of an event in order to create a persuasive moment. In order for it to work, the individual must instil a sense of urgency in the other individual. Low-balling, foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, and the scarcity and reactance theories of persuasion are some of the basic persuasion strategies that are widely employed to affect another person's behaviour or viewpoints, among other things. First and foremost, low-balling is a persuasive tactic in which a product is intentionally offered at a lower price than the amount that the seller intends to charge. Low-balling is a very effective strategy for enticing customers to pay a greater price by assuring that they have a lower degree of commitment. Following their decision to acquire something, people's urge to maintain consistency in their behaviour ensures that their decision was correct, even if the price is later raised. In the automobile industry, the practise of low-balling is fairly frequent. The secret to successful low-balling is not only to make the original offer enticing enough to elicit acquiescence, but also to avoid making the second offer so extravagant that it is turned down outright. Persuasion tactic number two, "foot in the door," begins with a minor request in order to win eventual agreement with greater ones later on. In this case, an individual begins by asking for something minor in order to build a person's trust, but then increases the request. This is effective since they have already persuaded the other party to comply with the initial request. This allows for a more seamless transition into a more complex work. It is possible to use the foot-in-the-door strategy by first obtaining a little yes and then obtaining an even larger yes. This tactic, like low-balling, is effective because it appeals to our drive to be consistent. Typically, we begin by convincing ourselves that our initial action was motivated by genuine curiosity about the subject. Following up on the first request, and especially with requests for extensions of the first request, we feel bound to respond in accordance with the internal rationale provided. The door-in-the-face method of persuasion is characterised by the use of an outrageously high offer on a product that is expected to be rejected. Afterwards, the individual will offer a reduced price that appears to be more competitive in the eyes of the buyer. In contrast to the initial outrageous price, the second offer appears to be a better deal to the buyer, and hence is more likely to be accepted. The door-in-the-face tactic begins with a major, often unreasonable request in order to gain eventual acquiescence with a smaller, more reasonable demand. A request that is extravagant and likely to be refused is made first, and then the door-in-the-face tactic is utilised to close the deal. True to its name, the underlying goal is to persuade us to agree to the second, more modest request, which may appear extremely reasonable when compared to the first, more substantial one. In addition, when we decline the first request, we may feel bad about our decision. The second request provides us with an opportunity to free ourselves of our feelings of guilt. As a result, we are significantly more inclined to say yes. The scarcity and reactance theory of persuasion focuses on fostering rivalry for things that are seen to be in short supply. People will be more likely to purchase a product on the spur of the moment if it is implied that it is unusual or restricted in supply. This is a sales technique that is used to compel customers to make a hasty purchasing decision. According to reactance theory, when a person's freedom of choice is endangered, they will behave impulsively in order to protect their freedom. On occasion, websites will utilise this sales approach by sending out an email to potential purchasers to inform them of a fictitiously depleting supply of merchandise. This will cause them to make a buy as a result of their concern. These persuasion strategies are widely employed in advertisements to persuade a target demographic to purchase a certain product or service.